Cypermethrin (CY), a class II pyrethroid pesticide, is globally used to control insects in the household and in agriculture. Despite beneficial roles, its uncontrolled and repetitive application leads to unintended effects in non-target organisms. In light of the relevant anti-oxidant properties of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), in the work described herein we tested the effect of a commercially available ALA formulation on cypermethrin (CY)-induced oxidative stress in Wistar rats. The rats were orally administered with 53.14 mg/kg of ALA and 35.71 mg/kg of CY for 60 days. The treatment with CY did not induce changes in either locomotor activities or in body weight. Differences were observed on superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and lipid peroxidation that were re-established by ALA treatment at similar levels of the placebo group. Furthermore, ALA formulation increased glutathione (GSH) level and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity. Because of the widespread use of CY, higher amounts of pesticide residues are present in food, and a diet supplementation with ALA could be an active free radical scavenger protecting against diseases associated with oxidative stress.
SinghAKTiwariMNPrakashOSinghMP. Acurrent review of cypermethrin-induced neurotoxicity and nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Curr Neuropharmacol2012; 10:64–71.
3.
KeenanJJVegaHKriegerRI. Potential exposure of children and adults to cypermethrin following use of indoor insecticide foggers. J Environ Sci Health B2009; 44(6):538–45.
4.
NasutiCCantalamessaFFalcioniGGabbianelliR. Different effects of type I and type II pyrethroids on erythrocyte plasma membrane properties and enzymatic activity in rats. Toxicology2003; 30:233–244.
5.
GabbianelliRFalcioniGNasutiC.CantalamessaF. Cypermethrin-induced plasma membrane perturbation on erythrocytes from rats: reduction of fluidity in the hydrophobic core and in glutathione peroxidase activity. Toxicology2002; 175:91–101.
6.
VadhanaMSCarloniMNasutiCFedeliDGabbianelliR. Early life permethrin insecticide treatment leads to heart damage in adult rats. Exp Gerontol2011; 46:731–38.
7.
LandeteJM. Dietary intake of natural antioxidants: vitamins and polyphenols. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr2013; 53(7):706–21.
8.
NasutiCFalcioniMLNwankwoIECantalamessaFGabbianelliR. Effect of permethrin plus antioxidants on locomotor activity and striatum in adolescent rats. Toxicology2008; 251:45–50.
9.
SankarPTelangAGManimaranA. Protective effect of curcumin on cypermethrin-induced oxidative stress in Wistar rats. Exp Toxicol Pathol2012; 64:487–93.
10.
ScottBCAruomaOIEvansPJO'NeillCVan der VlietACrossCETritschlerHHalliwellB. Lipoic and dihydrolipoic acids as antioxidants. A critical evaluation. Free Radic Res1994; 20:119–33.
11.
ReedLJDe BuskBGGunsalusICHornbergerCS. Crystalline alpha-lipoic acid; a catalytic agent associated with pyruvate dehydrogenase. Science1951; 114:93–94.
12.
MigniniFCapacchiettiMNapolioniVReggiardoGFasaniRFerrariP. Single dose bioavailability and pharmacokinetic study of a innovative formulation of a-lipoic acid (ALA600) in healthy volunteers. Minerva Med2011; 102:475–48.
13.
AmentaFTrainiETomassoniDMigniniF. Pharmacokinetics of different formulations of tioctic (alpha-lipoic) acid in healthy volunteers. Clin Exp Hypertens2008; 30:767–75.
14.
Zembron-LacnyASlowinska-LisowskaMSzygulaZWitkowskiKStefaniakTDziubekW. Assessment of the antioxidant effectiveness of alpha-lipoic acid in healthy men exposed to muscle-damaging exercise. J Physiol Pharmacol2009; 60:139–43.
15.
PackerLKraemerKRimbachG. Molecular aspects of lipoic acid in the prevention of diabetes complications. Nutrition2001; 17:888–895.
16.
ZieglerDAmetovABarinovA. Oral treatment with Alpha-Lipoic Acid improves Symptomatic Diabetic Polyneuropathy. The SYDNEY II trial. Diabetes Care2006; 29:2365–70.
17.
FDA Draft Guidelines. 2002. Estimating the safe starting dose in clinical trials for therapeutics in adult healthy volunteers. Rockville, Maryland, USA; 2002.
18.
CantalamessaF. Acute toxicity of two pyrethroids, permethrin, and cypermethrin in neonatal and adult rats. Arch Toxicol1993; 67:510–13.
19.
MisraHPFridovichI. The generation of superoxide radical during the autoxidation of hemoglobin. J Biol Chem1972; 247:6960–62.
20.
LuckH. Catalase. Method of Enzymatic Analysis. In BergmayerMV, (Eds) Verlag Chemic Academic Press: New York. 1974; p. 885.
21.
PagliaDEValentineWN. Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase. J Lab Clin Med1967; 70:158–69.
22.
ButlerWJButlerZMorabyMJFettmanKKRoberts-ThomsonIC. Glutathione concentrations and glutathione S-transferase activity in human colonic neoplasms. J Gastroenterol Hepatol1994; 9:60–63.
23.
BramleyTAColemanLFineanJB. Chemical, enzymological and permeability properties of human erythrocyte ghosts prepared by hypotonic lysis in media of different osmolarities. Biochim Biophys Acta1971; 241:752–69.
24.
LowryOHRosebroughNJFarrALRandallRL. Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem1951; 193:265–75.
25.
FolchJLessMSloane-StanleyGH. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. J Biol Chem1957; 226:466–68.
26.
KnonigsAWT. Lipid peroxidation in liposomes. Liposomes Technology. In GregoriadisG. (Eds). CRC Press: Boca Raton1984; p. 139–61.
27.
LentzBR. Membrane fluidity as detected by diphenylhexatriene probes. Chem Phys Lipids1989; 50:171–90.
28.
TepongningRNLucantoniLNasutiC. Potential of a Khaya ivorensis -Alstonia boonei extract combination as antimalarial prophylactic remedy. J Ethnopharmacol2011; 37:743–51.
29.
PackerLCadenaE. Lipoic acid: energy metabolism and redox regulation of transcription and cell signaling. J Clin Biochem Nut2011; 48:26–32.
30.
SteinertJRChernovaTForsytheID. Nitric oxide signaling in brain function, dysfunction, and dementia. Neuroscientist2010; 16:435–52.
