Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is increasingly used in the management of tendon injury in sports, supposedly accelerating the process of healing, tissue regeneration, and return to play. However, the scientific clinical evidence to support its use is scanty, and more level I studies need to be performed to justify its widespread use.
KannusPNatriA. Etiology and pathophysiology of tendon ruptures in sports. Scand J Med Sci Sports1997;7: 107–12.
2.
MargolisDJKantorJSantannaJStromBLBerlinJA. Effectiveness of platelet releasate for the treatment of diabetic neuropathic foot ulcers. Diabetes Care2001;24: 483–8.
3.
MarxRE. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP): What is PRP and what is not PRP?Implant Dent2001;10:225–8.
4.
Mei-DanOLippiGSanchezMAndiaIMaffulliN. Autologous platelet-rich plasma: A revolution in soft tissue sports injury management?Phys Sportsmed2005;38:127–35.
5.
NurdenATNurdenPSanchezMAndiaIAnituaE. Platelets and wound healing. Front Biosci2008;13:3532–48.
6.
Mei-DanOMannGMaffulliN. Platelet-rich plasma: Any substance into it?Br J Sports Med2001; 44:618–9.
7.
EhrenfestDM DohanRasmussonLAlbrektssonT. Classification of platelet concentrates: From pure platelet-rich plasma (P-PRP) to leucocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF). Trends Biotechnol2009;27:158–67.
8.
TidballJG. Inflammatory processes in muscle injury and repair. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol2005;288: R345–53.
9.
GrazianiFIvanovskiSCeiSDucciFTonettiMGabrieleM. The in vitro effect of different PRP concentrations on osteoblasts and fibroblasts. Clin Oral Implants Res2006;17:212–9.
10.
VavkenPSaadFAMurrayMM. Age dependence of expression of growth factor receptors in porcine ACL fibroblasts. J Orthop Res2006;28:1107–12.
11.
LandesbergRMosesMKarpatkinM. Risks of using platelet rich plasma gel. J Oral Maxillofac Surg1998;56: 1116–7.
12.
BanfiGCorsiMMVolpiP. Could platelet rich plasma have effects on systemic circulating growth factors and cytokine release in orthopaedic applications?Br J Sports Med2006;40:816.
13.
AndiaISanchezMMaffulliN. Platelet rich plasma therapies for sports muscle injuries: Any evidence behind clinical practice?Expert Opin Biol Ther ??????????.
14.
KajikawaYMoriharaTSakamotoHMatsudaKOshimaYYoshidaANagaeMAraiYKawataMKuboT. Platelet-rich plasma enhances the initial mobilization of circulation-derived cells for tendon healing. J Cell Physiol2008;215:837–45.
15.
AnituaEAndiaISanchezMAzofraJdel Mar ZalduendoMde la FuenteMNurdenPNurdenAT. Autologous preparations rich in growth factors promote proliferation and induce VEGF and HGF production by human tendon cells in culture. J Orthop Res2005;23:281–6.
16.
AnituaESanchezMZalduendoMMde la FuenteMPradoROriveGAndiaI. Fibroblastic response to treatment with different preparations rich in growth factors. Cell Prolif2009;42:162–70.
17.
SanchezMAnituaEAzofraJAndiaIPadillaSMujikaI. Comparison of surgically repaired Achilles tendon tears using platelet-rich fibrin matrices. Am J Sports Med2007;35:245–51.
18.
de VosRJWeirAvan SchieHTBierma-ZeinstraSMVerhaarJAWeinansHTolJL. Platelet-rich plasma injection for chronic Achilles tendinopathy: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA303:144–9.
19.
MishraAPavelkoT. Treatment of chronic elbow tendinosis with buffered platelet-rich plasma. Am J Sports Med2006;34:1774–8.
20.
PeerboomsJCSluimerJBruijnDJGosensT. Positive effect of an autologous platelet concentrate in lateral epicondylitis in a double-blind randomized controlled trial: Platelet-rich plasma versus corticosteroid injection with a 1-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med ???? 38:255–62.
21.
EvertsPADevileeRJOosterbosCJMahoneyCBSchattenkerkMEKnapeJTvan ZundertA. Autologous platelet gel and fibrin sealant enhance the efficacy of total knee arthroplasty: Improved range of motion, decreased length of stay and a reduced incidence of arthrofibrosis. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc2007;15:888–94.
22.
CastriciniRLongoUGDe BenedettoMPanfoliNPiraniPZiniRMaffulliNDenaroV. Platelet-rich plasma augmentation for arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Sports Med ?????; 39: 258–65.
23.
BlairPFlaumenhaftR. Platelet alpha-granules: Basic biology and clinical correlates. Blood Rev2009;23:177–89.
24.
LongoUGRongaMMaffulliN. Achilles tendinopathy. Sports Med Arthrosc2009; 17:112–26.
25.
EgerbacherMArnoczkySPCaballeroOLavagninoMGardnerKL. Loss of homeostatic tension induces apoptosis in tendon cells: An in vitro study. Clin Orthop Relat Res2008;466:1562–8.
26.
YuanJMurrellGAWeiAQWangMX. Apoptosis in rotator cuff tendonopathy. J Orthop Res2002;20:1372–9.
27.
LianOScottAEngebretsenLBahrRDuronioVKhanK. Excessive apoptosis in patellar tendinopathy in athletes. Am J Sports Med2007;35:605–11.
28.
PearceCJIsmailMCalderJD. Is apoptosis the cause of noninsertional achilles tendinopathy?Am J Sports Med2009;37:2440–4.
29.
MillarNLWeiAQMolloyTJBonarFMurrellGA. Heat shock protein and apoptosis in supraspinatus tendinopathy. Clin Orthop Relat Res2008;466:1569–76.
30.
ScottAKhanKMDuronioV. IGF-I activates PKB and prevents anoxic apoptosis in Achilles tendon cells. J Orthop Res2005;23:1219–25.
MurrellGA. Using nitric oxide to treat tendinopathy. Br J Sports Med2007;41:227–31.
33.
FredbergUStengaard-PedersenK. Chronic tendinopathy tissue pathology, pain mechanisms, and etiology with a special focus on inflammation. Scand J Med Sci Sports2008;18:3–15.
34.
FredbergUOstgaardR. Effect of ultrasound-guided, peritendinous injections of adalimumab and anakinra in chronic Achilles tendinopathy: A pilot study. Scand J Med Sci Sports2009;19:338–44.
35.
ToomeyDPMurphyJFConlonKC. COX-2, VEGF and tumour angiogenesis. Surgeon2009;7:174–80.
36.
EngebretsenLSteffenKAlsousouJAnituaEBachlNDevileeREvertsPHamiltonBHuardJJenourePKelberineFKonEMaffulliNMathesonGMei-DanOMenetreyJPhilipponMRandelliPSchamaschPSchwellnusMVernecAVerrallG. IOC consensus paper on the use of platelet-rich plasma in sports medicine. Br J Sports Med ????; 44:1072–81.
37.
SchepullTKvistJNorrmanHTrinksMBerlinGAspenbergP. Autologous platelets have no effect on the healing of human achilles tendon ruptures: A randomized single-blind study. Am J Sports Med ????; 39:38–47.