— After a brief description of the various and most frequent histological kinds of neoplasms of the upper urinary tract, the Authors report on the recognised and hypothetical risk factors such as Balkan nephropathy, phenacetin nephropathy, thorotrast, chemical substances, smoke etc. They then examine the relationship between upper urinary tract transitional cancer and bladder cancer. They stress the difference between the incidence of upper urinary tract transitional cancer after a bladder cancer (very low, about 2.7%) and the incidence of bladder cancer after an upper urinary tract transitional cancer (very high, about 28%). Finally they examine some prognostic factors such as grading, staging, the relevance of cytology, positive nodes and hydronephrosis.
Mc CarronJ.P., ChaskoS.B., GrayG.F.: Systematic mapping of nephroureterectomy specimens removed for urothelial cancer: pathological findings and clinical correlations. J. Urol., 128: 243, 1982.
2.
LederR.A., DunnickN.R.: Transitional cell carcinoma of the pelvicalices and ureter. AJR, 155: 713, 1990.
3.
CatalonaW.J.: Tumori uroteliali della pelvi renale e dell'uretere. In: Urologia di Campbell by Walsh, Retik, Somey, Vaughan. Ed. Verducci, pp. 1177, 1993.
4.
AnnosciaS., LozziC., BettaP.G., GeraciE., Di MauroA., BoccafoschiC.: Associazione di papilloma invertito e carcinoma uroteliale nell'alta via escretrice: presentazione di un caso e revisione della Letteratura. Arch. It. Urol., LXII: 333, 1990.
5.
BlankC., LissmerL., KanetiJ., GlikmanL., MorokoL, KrugliakL.: Fibroepithelial polyp of the renal pelvis. J. Urol., 137: 962, 1987.
6.
KakizoeT., FujitaJ., MuraseT., MatsumotoK., KishiK.: Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder in patients with renal pelvic and ureteral cancer. J. Urol., 124: 17, 1980.
7.
LiM.K., CheungW.L.: Squamous cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis. J. Urol., 138: 269, 1987.
8.
KimY.I., YoonD.H., LeeS.W., LeeC.: Multicentric papillary adenocarcinoma of the renal pelvis and ureter - report of a case with ultrastructural study. Cancer, 62: 2402, 1988.
9.
MadgarL.GoldwasserB., CzerniakA., ManyM.: Leiomyosarcoma of the ureter. Eur. Urol., 14: 487, 1988.
10.
FlemingS.: Carcinosarcoma (mixed mesodermal tumour) of the ureter. J. Urol., 138: 1234, 1987.
11.
MurphyD.M., ZinckeH., FurlowW.L.: Primary grade 1 transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis and ureter. J. Urol., 123: 629, 1980.
12.
ChiangP.H., HuangM.S., TsaiC.J., TsaiE.M., HuangC.H., ChiangC.P.: Transitional cell carcinoma of the renal Pelvis and ureter in Taiwan - DNA analysis by flow cytometry. Cancer, 71: 3988, 1993.
13.
PetkovicS.D.: Epidemiology and treatment of renal pelvic and ureteral tumours. J. Urol., 114: 858, 1975.
14.
OyenR.H., GielenJ.L., Van PoppelH.P., VerbekenE.K., Van DammeB.J., BaertL.V., BaertA.L.: Renal thorium deposition associated with transitional cell carcinoma: radiologic demonstration in two patients. Radiol., 169: 705, 1988.
15.
ReinerM., SiebenthalJ.: Late effects of thorotrast in man. Helv. Med. Acta, 34: 351, 1968.
16.
VerhaakR., HarmsenA.E., UnnickA.J.M.: On the frequency of tumour induction in a thorotrast kidney. Cancer, 34: 2061, 1974.
17.
BengtssonU., AngervallL., ElmanH., LechmannL.: Transitional cell tumours of the renal pelvis in analgesic abusers. Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol., 2: 145, 1968.
18.
HultengrenN., LagergrenC., LjungqvistA.: Carcinoma of the renal pelvis in renal papillary necrosis. Acta Chir. Scand., 13: 314, 1965.
19.
PalvioD.H., AndersenJ.C., FalkE.: Transitional cell tumours of the renal pelvis and ureter associated with capillarosclerosis indicating analgesic abuse. Cancer, 59: 972, 1987.
20.
BurnettK.R., MillerJ.B., GreenbaumE.I.: Transitional cell carcinoma: rapid development in phenacetin abuse. AJR, 134: 1259, 1980.
21.
Mc LaughlinJ.K., BlotW.J., MandelJ.S., SchumanL.M., MehlE.S., FraumeniJ.F.: Etiology of cancer of the renal pelvis. J. Nat. Cancer Inst., 71: 287, 1983.
22.
RossR.K., Paganini-HillA., LandolphJ., GerkinsV., HendersonB.E.: Analgesics, cigarette smoking and other risk factors for cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter. Cancer Res., 49: 1045, 1989.
23.
ChappieC.R., NewmanJ., O'BrienJ.M., ConsidineJ.: Analgesic nephropathy complicated by transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis. Brit. J. Urol.: 89, 1989.
24.
BrennerD.W., SchellhammerP.F.: Upper tract urothelial malignancy after cyclophosphamide therapy: a case report and literature review. J. Urol., 137: 1226, 1987.
25.
WerthD.D., WeigelJ.W., MebustW.K.: Primary neoplasms of the ureter. J. Urol., 125: 628, 1981.
26.
AmarA.D., DasS.: Upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma in patients with bladder carcinoma and associated vesicoureteral reflux. J. Urol., 133: 468, 1985.
27.
De TorresMateos J.A., Banus GassolJ.M., PalouRedorta J., MoroteRobles J.: Vesicorenal reflux and upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma after transurethral resection of recurrent superficial bladder carcinoma. J. Urol., 138: 49, 1987.
28.
EdwardsL., RosinD., LeaperD., SwedanM., TrottP., VertidoR.: The induction of cystitis and the implantation of tumours in rat and rabbit bladder. Brit. J Urol50: 502, 1978.
29.
LynchH.T., EnsJ.A., LynchJ.F.: The Lynch syndrome II and urological malignancies. J. Urol., 143: 24, 1990.
30.
FrischerZ., WaltzerW.C., GonderM.J.: Bilateral transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis in the cancer family syndrome. J. Urol., 134: 1197, 1985.
31.
ZinckeH., GarbeffP.J., BeahrsJ.R.: Upper urinary tract transitional cell cancer after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. J. Urol., 131: 50, 1984.
32.
WittersS., VereeckenR.L., BaertL., Van DammeB.: Primary neoplasm of the ureter: a review of twenty-eight cases. Eur. Urol., 13: 256, 1987.
33.
BabaianR.J., JohnsonD.E.: Primary carcinoma of the ureter. J. Urol., 123: 357, 1980.
34.
SmartJ.G.: Renal and ureteric tumours in association with bladder tumours. Br. J. Urol., 36: 380, 1964.
35.
WilliamsC.B., MitchellJ.P.: Carcinoma of the renal pelvis: a review of 43 cases. Br. J. Urol., 45: 370, 1973.
36.
ReitelmanC., SawczukI.S., OlssonC.A., PuchnerP.J., BensonM.C.: Prognostic variables in patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis and proximal ureter. J. Urol., 138: 1144, 1987.
37.
YousemD.M., GatewoodO.M.B., GoldmanS.M., MarshallF.F.: Synchronous and metachronous transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary tract: prevalence, incidence and radiographic detection. Radiol., 167: 613, 1988.
38.
HatchT.R., HeftyT.R., BarryJ.M.: Time-related recurrence rates in patients with upper tract transitional cell carcinoma. J. Urol., 140: 40, 1988.
39.
SkinnerD.G., RichieJ.P., CooperP.H., WaismanJ., KaufmanJ.J.: The clinical significance of carcinoma in situ of the bladder and its association with overt carcinoma. J. Urol., 112: 68, 1974.
40.
WalzerY., SolowayM.S.: Should the follow-up of patients with bladder cancer include routine excretory urography?J. Urol., 130: 672, 1983.
41.
LindellO., LehtonenT.: Upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma after total cystectomy for bladder cancer. Ann. Chir. Gynaecol., 74: 288, 1985.
42.
SharmaT.C., MelamedM.R., WhitmoreW.F.Jr.: Carcinoma in situ of the ureter in patients with bladder carcinoma treated by cystectomy. Cancer, 26: 83, 1970.
43.
SchellhammerP.F., WhitmoreW.F.Jr.: Transitional cell carcinoma of the urethra in men having cystectomy for bladder cancer. J. Urol., 115: 56, 1976.
44.
EnglandH.R., ParisA.M.I., BlandyJ.P.: The correlation of T1 bladder tumour history with prognosis and follow-up requirements. Br. J. Urol., 53: 593, 1981.
45.
MechaliP., CorreaR.J.: The risk of upper urinary tract tumour in patients with bladder carcinoma. Atti AUA 1982.
46.
MuftiG.R., GoveJ.R.W., RiddleP.R.: Nephroureterectomy after radical cystectomy. J. Urol., 139: 588, 1988.
47.
HerrH.W., WhitmoreW.F.Jr.: Ureteral carcinoma in situ after successful intravesical therapy for superficial bladder tumours: incidence, possible pathogenesis and management. J. Urol., 138: 292, 1987.
48.
HeneyN.M., NocksB.N., DalyJ.J, BlitzerP.H., Park-hurstE.C.: Prognostic factors in carcinoma of the ureter. J. Urol., 125: 632, 1981.
49.
MelicowM.M.: Histological study of vesical urothelium intervening between gross neoplasms in total cystectomy. J. Urol., 68: 261, 1952.
50.
MurphyW.M., NagyG.K., RaoM.K., SolowayM.S., ParijaG.C., CoxC.E:, FriedellG.H.: “Normal” urothelium in patients with bladder cancer. Cancer, 44: 1050, 1979.
51.
MahadeviaP.S., KarwaG.L., KossL.G.: Mapping of urothelium in carcinomas of the renal pelvis and ureter: a report of nine cases. Cancer, 51: 890, 1983.
52.
CharbitL., GendreauM.C., MeeS., CukierJ.: Tumours of the upper urinary tract: 10 years of experience. J. Urol., 146: 1243, 1991.
53.
MukamelE., SimonD., EdelmanA., KonichekzyM., HadarH., ServadioC.: Metachronous bladder tumours in patients with upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma. J. Surg. Onc., 57: 187, 1994.
