Based on a literature review and their own personal experience, the Authors describe the usefulness of pelvic lymph node dissection in the case of bladder, prostate or penis cancer, and its four main aims: staging, cure, prophylaxis and debulking. While in the case of bladder cancer all the afore-mentioned aims may be taken into consideration, in the case of prostatic cancer only staging is of major importance; in the case of penis cancer, lymph node dissection has clearly defined indications.
MatteaE., BonoA.V., ChiappaS., GalliG., SeveriniA., ArrigoniG.: Linfoadenografia e radioterapia endolinfatica nelle metastasi da neoplasie della sfera urologica. Relazione ai XXXVII Congresso della S.I.U., Volume degli Atti, 1964.
2.
Rocca RossettiS., CancriniA., MartoranaG., GiulianiL., Di SilverioF., AcconciaA., PagliaruloA., VenturaM., LucianiL.: Linfadenectomia nelle neoplasie dell'apparato uro-genitale. Tavola Rotonda LVI Congresso S.I.U., Volume degli Atti, 1983.
3.
GolimbuM., MoralesP., AskariS.A., BrownJ.: Extended pelvic lymphadenectomy for prostatic cancer. J. Urol., 121: 617, 1979.
4.
SmithJ.R.Jr., WhitmoreW.F.Jr.: Regional lymphnode metastasis from bladder cancer. J. Urol., 126: 591, 1981.
5.
GiulianiL., GibertiC., MartoranaG., PizzornoR.: Lymphadenectomy during radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. In: Management of advanced cancer of prostate and bladder. Ed. Alan R. Liss, 329, 1988.
6.
PiscioliF., ScappiniP., BosettiS., LucianiL.: Lymph node aspiration biopsy cytology and nodal status in bladder cancer. In: Aspiration Cytology in the staging of Urological Cancer. Ed. Luciani e Piscioli. Springer-Verlag, 177, 1988.
7.
VockP., HaertelM., FuchsW.A., KarrerP., BishopM.C., ZinggE.F.: Computed tomography in staging of carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Br. J. Urol., 54: 158, 1982.
8.
LieskovskyG., AhleringT., SkinnerD.G.: Diagnosi e staging dei tumori della vescica. In: Diagnosi e trattamento dei tumori uro-genitali. Ed. Skinner e Lieskovsky. Capozzi, 281, 1988.
9.
MartoranaG., DamonteP., GibertiC., BiggiE., RollandiG.A., ScopinaroG.: Metodiche di visualizzazione del sistema linfoghiandolare. Tavola Rotonda su: “La linfadenectomia nelle neoplasie dell'apparato uro-genitale”. LVI Congresso S.I.U., Volume degli atti, p. 123, 1983.
10.
BoschR.J.L.H., SchroederF.H.: Surgical implications of undergrading and understaging of prostatic carcinoma. Acta Urol. It., 5: 409, 1989.
11.
AustoniE., DormiaG.: Stadiazione clinica e classificazione. In: Il carcinoma prostatico. Editors PisaniE., ServidaF., p. 117, Masson, Milano, 1991.
12.
ParraR.O., AndrusC., BollierJ.: Staging laparoscopic pelvic lymph node dissection: comparison of results with open pelvic lymphadenectomy. J. Urol., 147: 875, 1992.
13.
SchulmanC.C., WespesE.: TNM staging system and bladder carcinoma: the problems of the N categorisation. In: Aspiration Cytology in the Staging of Urological Cancer. Ed. Luciani e Piscioli. Springer-Verlag, 169, 1988.
14.
Boccon-GibodL., StegA.: Bladder carcinoma: the impact of pretreatment knowledge of nodal involvment. In: Aspiration Cytology in the Staging of Urological Cancer. Ed. Luciani e Piscioli. Springer-Verlag, 173, 1988.
15.
Boccon-GibodL., KatzM., CochandB., Le PomB., StegA.: Lymphography and percutaneous fine needle aspiration biopsy in the staging of bladder carcinoma. J. Urol., 132: 24, 1984.
16.
LeeJ.K.T., StanleyR.G., SagelS.S.: Accuracy in CT in detecting intraabdominal and pelvic lymph node metastases from pelvic cancers. Am. J. Roentgenol., 131: 675, 1978.
17.
WalshJ.M., AmendolaM.A., KonerdingK.F., TisnadoJ., HazraT.A.: Computed tomographic detection of pelvic and inguinal lymph node metastases from primary and recurrent pelvic malignant disease. Radiol., 137: 157, 1980.
18.
OlssonC.: Carcinoma prostatico. Tavola Rotonda in: Controversie in Urologia '84, a cura di V. Pansadoro e J. Kaufman. Ed.Acta Medica, pp. 73.
19.
JacobiG.: Carcinoma prostatico. Tavola Rotonda in: Controversie in Urologia '84, a cura di V. Pansadoro e J. Kaufman. Ed.Acta Medica, pp. 73.
20.
SelliC., BartolozziC., VillariN., MasiniG.: Clinical and pathological staging of bladder carcinoma. In: Aspiration Cytology in the Staging of Urological Cancer. Ed. Luciani e Piscioli. Springer-Verlag, 159, 1988.
21.
SchroederF.H., van Den OudenD., DavidsonP.: The limits of surgery in the cure of prostatic carcinoma. EBU update series, 1, 3, 18, 1992.
Rocca RossettiS., RandoneD.F.: The role of regional lymph nodes in prostatic cancer. Acta Urol. It., 5: 393, 1989.
24.
HilarisB.S., WhitmoreW.F.Jr., BatataM.A., GrabstaidH.: Radiation therapy and pelvic lymph node dissection in the management of cancer of the prostate. Am. J. Roentgen. Rad. Ther. Nucl. Med., 12: 832, 1974.
25.
PaulsonD.F., PiserchiaP.V., GardnerW.: Predictors of lymphatic spread in prostatic adenocarcinoma: urooncology research group study. J. Urol., 123: 697, 1980.
26.
PritchettT.R., SchiffW.M., KlattE., LieskovskyG., SkinnerD.G.: The potency-sparing radical cystectomy: does it compromise the completeness of the cancer resection? J. Urol., 140: 1400, 1988.
27.
Rocca RossettiS., ValenteG., PelucelliG.: Dimostrazione istopatologica del rischio oncologico delle tecniche nerve sparing. In corso di stampa, 1992.
28.
GiulianiL.: Role of staging lymphadenectomy. In: New trends in diagnosis and treatment of prostatic cancer. Ed. GiulianiL., BoccardoF., SantiL., PescatoreD.Acta Medica, 1987.
29.
CorreaR.J.Jr.: Lymphangiography with fine-needle aspiration biopsy of pelvic and abdominal lymph nodes in cancer staging. Urol. Clin. North Am., 9: 153, 1982.
30.
LernerS.P., SkinnerE., SkinnerD.G.: Radical cystectomy in regionally advanced bladder cancer. Urol. Clin. North Am., 19, 4: 713, 1992.
31.
FlocksR.H.: Overview of radical retropubic and radical perineal prostatectomy. In: Current operative urology. Whitehead.931, 1975.
32.
Rocca RossettiS., MutoG.: Terapia chirurgica radicale del carcinoma prostatico. In: I tumori urologici. Ed. Veronese CEA, 259, 1982.
33.
ZinckeH.: Terapia ormonale neo-adiuvante ed adjuvante nel trattamento del carcinoma della prostata con coinvolgimento loco-regionale (pT1–3, N1–2, M0) trattato con prostatectomia radicale. Acta Urol. It. VI, suppl.2: 35, 1992.
34.
OnetoF., MartoranaG., GiulianiL.: Terapia ormonale adjuvante dopo prostatectomia radicale nel carcinoma prostatico in stadio patologico C-D1. Acta Urol. It. VI, suppl.2: 41, 1992.
35.
ZinckeH.: Rationale for performing radical prostatectomy in prostate cancer with regional extension (pT3/C +, pT0–3, N1–2, M0/D1). Acta Urol. It., 5: 417, 1989.
36.
CatalonaW.J., MillerD.R., KavoussiL.R.: Intermediate-term survival results in clinically understaged prostate cancer patients following radical prostatectomy. J. Urol., 140: 540, 1988.
37.
KerrW.S.Jr., ColbyF.H.: Pelvic lymphadenectomy and total cystectomy in the treatment of carcinoma of the bladder. J. Urol., 63: 842, 1950.
38.
JewettH.G., StrongG.H.: Infiltrating carcinoma of the bladder: relation of depth of penetration of the bladder wall to incidence of local extension and metastases. J. Urol., 55: 366, 1946.
39.
WhitmoreW.F.Jr., MarshallV.F.: Radical total cystectomy for cancer of the bladder: 230 consecutive cases five years later. J. Urol., 87: 853, 1962.
40.
DaughtryJ.D., SusanL.P., StewartB.H., StraffonR.A.: Ileal conduit and cystectomy: a 10–year retrospective study of ileal conduits performed in conjunction with cystectomy and with a minimum 5–year follow-up. J. Urol., 118: 556, 1977.
41.
PaganoF., BassiP.F., Prayer GalettiT., MeneghiniA., MilaniC., ArtibaniW., GarbeglioA.: Results of contemporary radical cystectomy for invasive bladder cancer: a clinicopathological study with an emphasis on the inadequacy of the tumor nodes and metastases classification.
42.
WajsmanZ., GamarraM., ParkJ.J., BeckleyS., PontesJ.E.: Transabdominal fine needle aspiration of retroperitoneal lymph nodes in staging of genitourinary tract cancer (correlation with lymphography and lymph node dissection findings). J. Urol, 128: 1238, 1982.
43.
SkinnerD.G.: Management of invasive bladder cancer: a meticulous pelvic node dissection can make a difference. J. Urol., 128: 134, 1982.
44.
RoehrbornC.G., SagalouskyA.I., PetersP.C.: Long-term patients survival after cystectomy for regional metastatic transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. J. Urol., 146: 36, 1991.
45.
LernerS.P., SkinnerD.G., LieskowskyG., BoydS.D., GroshenS.L., ZiogasA., SkinnerE., NicholsP., HopwoodB.: The rationale for en bloc pelvic lymphnode dissection for bladder cancer patients with nodal metastases long-term results. J. Urol., 149: 758, 1993.
46.
IborraJ.I., Ricos TorrentJ.V., Monros LlisoJ.L., Dumont MartinezR., Casanova Ramon-BorjaJ., SolsonaE.: Is radical cystectomy indicated for the treatment of patients with bladder carcinoma N + M0?Arch. Esp. Urol., 44, 1: 39, 1991.
47.
DretlerS.P., RagsdaleB.D., LeadbetterW.F.: The value of pelvic lymphadenectomy in the surgical treatment of bladder cancer. J. Urol., 109: 414, 1973.
48.
WishnowK.I., JohnsonD.E., RoJ.Y., SwansonD.A., BabaianR.J., Von EschenbachA.C.: Incidence, extent and location of unsuspected pelvic lymph node metastasis in patients undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. J. Urol., 137: 408, 1987.
49.
EllisR.J., WernickG., ZabriskieJ.B., GoldmanL.I.: Immunologic competence of regional lymph nodes in patients with breast cancer. Cancer, 35: 655, 1975.
50.
GrossmanH.B., KonnakJ.W.: Is radical cystectomy indicated in patients with regional lymphatic metastases?UrologyXXXI, 3: 214, 1988.
51.
SkinnerD.G.: Editorial comment. J. Urol., 137: 409, 1987.
SkinnerD.G., LieskovskyG.: Contemporary cystectomy with pelvic node dissection compared to preoperative radiation therapy plus cystectomy in management of invasive bladder cancer. J. Urol., 131: 1069, 1984.
54.
PetrosJ.A.: CatalonaW.J.: Lower incidence of unsuspected lymph node metastases in 521 consecutive patients with clinically localized prostate cancer. J. Urol., 147: 1574, 1992.
55.
DanellaJ.F., De KernionJ.B., SmithR.B., SteckelJ.: The contemporary incidence of lymph node metastases in prostate cancer: implications for laparoscopic lymph node dissection. J. Urol., 149: 1488, 1993.
56.
PurasA., Gonzales-Flores: Treatment of carcinoma of the penis. Proc. Kimbrough Urol. Semin., 12: 143, 1978.
57.
SrinivasV., MorseM.J., HerrH.V., SoganiP.C., WhitmoreW.F.Jr.: Penile cancer: relation of extent of nodal metastasis to survival. J. Urol., 137: 880, 1987.
58.
RiverosM., GorostiagaR.: Cancer of the penis. Arch. Surg., 85: 377, 1962.
PizzocaroG.: I tumori dell'apparato genitale maschile. In: Trattato di Chirurgia Oncologica, VeronesiU. Editor, p. 571, UTET, Torino, 1989.
61.
Mc DougalW.S., KirchnerF.K.Jr., EdwardsR.H., KillionL.T.: Treatment of carcinoma of the penis: the case of primary lymphadenectomy. J. Urol., 136: 38, 1986.
62.
SchellhammerP.F., JordanG.H., SchlossbergS.M.: I tumori del pene. In: Urologia di Campbell.WalshP.C., RetikA.B., StameyT.A., VaughanE.D.Jr., Editors., p. 1319, Verduci, Roma, 1993.
63.
HardnerG.J., BhanalaphT., MurphyG.P., AlbertD.J., MooreR.H.: Carcinoma of the penis: analysis of therapy in 100 consecutive cases. J. Urol., 108: 428, 1972.
64.
UehlingD.T.: Staging laparotomy for carcinoma of the penis. J. Urol., 110: 213, 1973.
65.
BelgranoE., SiracusanoS., CasuA.R., MandrasR., MadedduG.: La chirurgia radioimmunoguidata nel trattamento dei tumori infiltranti della vescica: risultati dopo i primi 10 mesi di esperienza. Comunicazione al 42° Convegno SUNI, Udine, 9–11 Settembre 1993 (in corso di stampa).
