Clinical study of NLRP3 inflammasome,IL-18 and some biochemical markers in patients with chronic kidney diseases (CKD)

Abstract

Background:

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major global health concern associated with high morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Inflammation and electrolyte imbalances play critical roles in the progression of CKD. The NLRP3 inflammasome and interleukin-18 (IL-18) are key inflammatory mediators implicated in renal damage.

Objectives:

This study aimed to evaluate serum levels of circulating NLRP3 (soluble NLRP3, sNLRP3), IL-18, and selected electrolytes (sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and phosphate) in patients with CKD compared to healthy individuals. Additionally, correlations between these parameters were assessed.

Methods:

A total of 90 patients with CKD (defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m², corresponding to CKD stages 3–4) and 85 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (aged 30–75 years) were enrolled. Serum levels of circulating NLRP3 protein (reflecting activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway), IL-18, and electrolytes were measured and analyzed using appropriate biochemical and immunoassay methods. Statistical comparisons and correlation analyses were conducted.

Results:

Patients with CKD showed significantly elevated serum levels of circulating NLRP3, IL-18, potassium, chloride, and phosphate compared to controls (p < 0.05). In contrast, serum sodium and calcium levels were significantly decreased in CKD patients (p < 0.05). A significant correlation was found between NLRP3 inflammasome levels and the concentrations of measured electrolytes and IL-18.

Conclusions:

The findings suggest that activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, as reflected by increased circulating NLRP3 levels is associated with systemic inflammation and electrolyte disturbances in CKD. These parameters may serve as potential biomarkers for monitoring disease progression and inflammation in CKD patients.