Recent innovations and emerging patents in penile prosthesis: A review of advanced systems and their applications in erectile dysfunction and gender-affirming surgery

Abstract

Introduction:

Penile prostheses have undergone significant evolution over the past five decades, becoming vital treatments for erectile dysfunction (ED) and essential tools in gender-affirming surgeries. Advances in design, functionality, and materials have contributed to better patient outcomes and device performance.

Objectives:

This review provides a comprehensive analysis of penile prosthesis systems, emphasizing their roles in treating ED and supporting gender-affirming procedures. The review also highlights recent technological advancements and evaluates the affordability and accessibility of these devices.

Methods:

Data for this review were systematically collected from databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, ResearchGate, Scopus, and Springer Nature, to ensure comprehensive coverage of the field. Additionally, the latest information on inflatable penile prostheses (IPPs) was gathered from product websites and patent documentation. A comparative analysis of semi-rigid, malleable, and inflatable penile prostheses was conducted, focusing on affordability, pricing, durability, and patient-centric features.

Results:

Inflatable penile prostheses (IPPs) remain the gold standard for ED treatment due to their superior functionality, including user-controlled rigidity and a more natural appearance in both erect and flaccid states. Despite higher costs compared to semi-rigid and malleable prostheses, IPPs offer enhanced patient satisfaction and quality of life. Advances in IPP designs have improved durability and reduced mechanical failure rates, while novel activation mechanisms, such as remote control and magnetic induction, are emerging as promising enhancements. While two recent patents have entered the clinical pipeline, focusing on improved durability and activation, one additional patent demonstrates potential for future adoption. However, their impact on clinical practice will depend on further research and validation.

Conclusion:

Emerging technologies and innovative designs in penile prostheses promise to enhance ED treatment and gender-affirming surgeries. This review provides valuable insights into current trends, comparative analyses, and future directions for clinicians, researchers, and engineers in the field.