The opportunity to prevent, to improve their prognosis, or even to cure uro-oncological diseases by modifying the lifestyle habits is a very modern topical subject and represents a great and fascinating challenge for the future. A PubMed and Web of Science databases search has been performed to review the published knowledge on most important lifestyle habits, such as smoking, physical activity, nutrition, sexual activity, and personal hygiene, highlighting modifiable factors influencing development and progression of urological cancers. Cigarette smoking has been historically established as risk factors for urothelial cancer, and an association with risk of renal cell carcinoma and worse prognosis of prostate cancer has been sufficiently demonstrated. Poor genital hygiene is a recognized risk factor for penile cancer. Furthermore, a convincing evidence has been found on the association between physical activity and both risk and prognosis of bladder and prostate cancer. Obesity is strongly associated with increased risk of developing lethal prostate cancer. An unequivocal evidence of a direct relationship between most of the other lifestyle habits and development of the uro-oncological diseases has not been found.
MichaudDSSpiegelmanDClintonSK, et al. Fluid intake and the risk of bladder cancer in men. N Engl J Med1999; 340: 1390–1397.
2.
WangJWuXKamatA, et al. Fluid intake, genetic variants of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases, and bladder cancer risk. Br J Cancer2013; 108: 2372–2380.
3.
BaiYYuanHLiJ, et al. Relationship between bladder cancer and total fluid intake: a meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. World J Surg Oncol2014; 12: 223.
4.
XuCZengXTLiuTZ, et al. Fruits and vegetables intake and risk of bladder cancer: a PRISMA-compliant systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Medicine2015; 94: e759.
5.
ZhangWXiangYBFangRR, et al. Total fluid intake, urination frequency and risk of bladder cancer: a population-based case-control study in urban Shanghai. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi2010; 31: 1120–1124.
6.
KwanMLGarrenBNielsenME, et al. Lifestyle and nutritional modifiable factors in the prevention and treatment of bladder cancer. Urol Oncol2019; 37: 380–386. DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2018.03.019.
7.
LiuHWangXCHuGH, et al. Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of bladder cancer: an updated meta-analysis of observational studies. Eur J Cancer Prev2015; 24: 508–516.
8.
TangLZirpoliGRGuruK, et al. Intake of cruciferous vegetables modifies bladder cancer survival. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev2010; 19: 1806–1811.
9.
KrajewskiWDziegalaMKolodziejA, et al. Vitamin D and urological cancers. Cent Eur J Urol2016; 69: 139–147.
10.
ZhaoYChenCPanW, et al. Comparative efficacy of vitamin D status in reducing the risk of bladder cancer: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Nutrition2016; 32: 515–523.
11.
LeungHWMuoCHLiuCF, et al. Vitamin D3 intake dose and common cancer: a population-based case control study in a Chinese population. J Cancer2016; 7: 2028–2034.
12.
ParkSJMyungSKLeeY, et al. Effects of vitamin and antioxidant supplements in prevention of bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Korean Med Sci2017; 32: 628–635.
13.
YangMKenfieldSAVan BlariganEL, et al. Dietary patterns after prostate cancer diagnosis in relation to disease-specific and total mortality. Cancer Prev Res2015; 8: 545–551.
14.
Van BlariganELKenfieldSAYangM, et al. Fat intake after prostate cancer diagnosis and mortality in the Physicians’ Health Study. Cancer Causes Control2015; 26: 1117–1126.
15.
FreedlandSJMavropoulosJWangA, et al. Carbohydrate restriction, prostate cancer growth, and the insulin-like growth factor axis. Prostate2008; 68: 11–19.
16.
MavropoulosJCBuschemeyerWCTewariAK, et al. The effects of varying dietary carbohydrate and fat content on survival in a murine LNCaP prostate cancer xenograft model. Cancer Prev Res2009; 2: 557–565.
17.
FokidisHBYieng ChinMHoVW, et al. A low carbohydrate, high protein diet suppresses intratumoral androgen synthesis and slows castration-resistant prostate tumor growth in mice. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol2015; 150: 35–45.
18.
AxEGarmoHGrundmarkB, et al. Dietary patterns and prostate cancer risk: report from the population based ULSAM cohort study of Swedish men. Nutr Cancer2014; 66: 77–87.
19.
MavropoulosJCIsaacsWBPizzoSV, et al. Is there a role for a low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet in the management of prostate cancer?Urology2006; 68: 15–18.
20.
DeschasauxMPouchieuCHisM, et al. Dietary total and insoluble fiber intakes are inversely associated with prostate cancer risk. J Nutr2014; 144: 504–510.
21.
LinPHAronsonWFreedlandSJ.An update of research evidence on nutrition and prostate cancer. Urol Oncol 2019; 37: 387–401. DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2017.10.006.
22.
BarnardRJAronsonWJTymchukCN, et al. Prostate cancer: another aspect of the insulin-resistance syndrome?Obes Rev2002; 3: 303–308.
23.
ShengTShenRLShaoH, et al. No association between fiber intake and prostate cancer risk: a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. World J Surg Oncol2015; 13: 264.
24.
WangRJTangJEChenY, et al. Dietary fiber, whole grains, carbohydrate, glycemic index, and glycemic load in relation to risk of prostate cancer. Onco Targets Ther2015; 8: 2415–2426.
25.
KeyTJApplebyPNTravisRC, et al. Carotenoids, retinol, tocopherols, and prostate cancer risk: pooled analysis of 15 studies. Am J Clin Nutr2015; 102: 1142–1157.
26.
DialloADeschasauxMGalanP, et al. Associations between fruit, vegetable and legume intakes and prostate cancer risk: results from the prospective Supplementation en Vitamine set Mineraux Antioxydants (SU.VI.MAX) cohort. Br J Nutr2016; 115: 1579–1585.
27.
RussnesKMMollerEWilsonKM, et al. Total antioxidant intake and prostate cancer in the Cancer of the Prostate in Sweden (CAPS) study. A case control study. BMC Cancer2016; 16: 438.
28.
XuCHanFFZengXT, et al. Fat intake is not linked to prostate cancer: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. PLoS ONE2015; 10(7): e0131747.
29.
BraskyTMTillCWhiteE, et al. Serum phospholipid fatty acids and prostate cancer risk: results from the prostate cancer prevention trial. Am J Epidemiol2011; 173(12): 1429–1439.
30.
CroweFLApplebyPNTravisRC, et al. Circulating fatty acids and prostate cancer risk: individual participant meta-analysis of prospective studies. J Natl Cancer Inst2014; 106: dju240.
31.
NashSHTillCSongX, et al. Serum retinol and carotenoid concentrations and prostate cancer risk: results from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev2015; 24: 1507–1515.
32.
NelsonSMBataiKAhaghotuC, et al. Association between serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D and aggressive prostate cancer in African American men. Nutrients2016; 9: 12.
33.
NyameYAMurphyABBowenDK, et al. Associations between serum vitamin D and adverse pathology in men undergoing radical prostatectomy. J Clin Oncol2016; 34: 1345–1349.
34.
SteckSEArabLZhangH, et al. Association between plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D, ancestry and aggressive prostate cancer among African Americans and European Americans in PCaP. PLoS ONE2015; 10: e0125151.
35.
KristalARTillCSongX, et al. Plasma vitamin D and prostate cancer risk: results from the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial. Cancerepidemiol Biomarkers Prev2014; 23: 1494–1504.
36.
RichmanELKenfieldSAStampferMJ, et al. Egg, red meat, and poultry intake and risk of lethal prostate cancer in the prostate-specific antigen-era: incidence and survival. Cancer Prev Res2011; 4: 2110–2212.
37.
WilliamsCDWhitleyBMHoyoC, et al. Dietary calcium and risk for prostate cancer: a case-control study among US veterans. Prev Chronic Dis2012; 9: E39.
38.
WilsonKMShuiIMMucciLA, et al. Calcium and phosphorus intake and prostate cancer risk: a 24-y follow-up study. Am J Clin Nutr2015; 101: 173–183.
39.
AuneDNavarro RosenblattDAChanDS, et al. Dairy products, calcium, and prostate cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Am J Clin Nutr2015; 101: 87–117.
40.
FeiXShenYLiX, et al. The association of tea consumption and the risk and progression of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis. Int J Clin Exp Med2014; 7: 3881–3891.
41.
SchwingshacklLHoffmannG.Adherence to Mediterranean diet and risk of cancer: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Cancer Med2015; 4: 1933–1947.
42.
Tantamango-BartleyYKnutsenSFKnutsenR, et al. A restrict vegetarians protected against prostate cancer?Am J Clin Nutr2016; 103: 153–160.
43.
VanceTMWangYSuLJ, et al. Dietary total antioxidant capacity is inversely associated with prostate cancer aggressiveness in a population-based study. Nutr Cancer2016; 68: 214–224.
44.
ParsonsJKPierceJPMohlerJ, et al. A randomized trial of diet in men with early stage prostate cancer on active surveillance: rationale and design of the Men’s Eating and Living (MEAL) Study (CALGB70807[Alliance]). Contemp Clin Trials2014; 38: 198–203.
45.
TahbazaRSchmidbMMerseburgerAS.Prevention of kidney cancer incidence and recurrence: lifestyle, medication and nutrition. Curr Opin Urol2018; 28(1): 62–79.
46.
DanielCRParkYChowWH, et al. Intake of fiber and fiber-rich plant foods is associated with a lower risk of renal cell carcinoma in a large US cohort. Am J Clin Nutr2013; 97: 1036–1043.
47.
HuangTBDingPPChenJF, et al. Dietary fiber intake and risk of renal cell carcinoma: evidence from a meta-analysis. Med Oncol2014; 31: 125.
48.
ZhangSJiaZYanZ, et al. Consumption of fruits and vegetables and risk of renal cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Onco Target2017; 8: 27892–27903.
49.
AntwiSOEckel-PassowJEDiehlND, et al. Coffee consumption and risk of renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Causes Control2017; 28: 857–866.
50.
RohrmannSLinseisenJOvervadK, et al. Meat and fish consumption and the risk of renal cell carcinoma in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. Int J Cancer2015; 136: E423–E431.
51.
DanielCRCrossAJGraubardBI, et al. Large prospective investigation of meat intake, related mutagens, and risk of renal cell carcinoma. Am J Clin Nutr2012; 95: 155–162.
52.
BelloccoRPasqualiERotaM, et al. Alcohol drinking and risk of renal cell carcinoma: results of a meta-analysis. Ann Oncol2012; 23: 2235–2244.
53.
SongDYSongSSongY, et al. Alcohol intake and renal cell cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Br J Cancer2012; 106: 1881–1890.
54.
MacleodLCHotalingJMWrightJL, et al. Risk factors for renal cell carcinoma in the VITAL study. J Urol2013; 190: 1657–1661.
55.
WesthoffEWitjesAFleshnerNE, et al. Body mass index, diet-related factors, and bladder cancer prognosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bladder Cancer2018; 4(1): 91–112.
56.
KaneCJBassettWWSadetskyN, et al. Obesity and prostate cancer clinical risk factors at presentation: data from CaPSURE. J Urol2005; 173: 732–736.
57.
DiscacciatiAOrsiniNWolkA.Body mass index and incidence of localized and advanced prostate cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Ann Oncol2012; 23: 1665–1671.
58.
WrightMEChangSCSchatzkinA, et al. Prospective study of adiposity and weight change in relation to prostate cancer incidence and mortality. Cancer2007; 109: 675–684.
59.
RodriguezCPatelAVCalleEE, et al. Body mass index, height, and prostate cancer mortality in two large cohorts of adult men in the United States. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev2001; 10: 345–353.
60.
MollerEWilsonKMBatistaJL, et al. Body size across the life course and prostate cancer in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Int J Cancer2016; 138: 853–865.
61.
BaillargeonJPollockBHKristalAR, et al. The association of body mass index and prostate-specific antigen in a population-based study. Cancer2005; 103: 1092–1095.
62.
ThompsonIMLeachRTroyerD, et al. Relationship of body mass index and prostate specific antigen in a population-based study. Urol Oncol2004; 22: 127–131.
63.
FlanaganJGrayPKHahnN, et al. Presence of the metabolic syndrome is associated with shorter time to castration-resistant prostate cancer. Ann Oncol2011; 22: 801–807.
64.
EdenCGChangCMGianduzzoT, et al. The impact of obesity on laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. BJU Int2006; 98: 1279–1282.
65.
KetoCJAronsonWJTerrisMK, et al. Obesity is associated with castration-resistant disease and metastasis in men treated with androgen deprivation therapy after radical prostatectomy: results from the SEARCH database. BJU Int2012; 110: 492–498.
66.
StroupSPCullenJAugeBK, et al. Effect of obesity on prostate-specific antigen recurrence after radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer as measured by the 2006 Radiation Therapy Oncology Group-American Society for Therapeutic Radiation and Oncology (RTOG-ASTRO) Phoenix consensus definition. Cancer2007; 110: 1003–1009.
67.
WangLSMurphyCTRuthK, et al. Impact of obesity on outcomes after definitive dose-escalated intensity-modulated radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer. Cancer2015; 121: 3010–3017.
68.
RenehanAGTysonMEggerM, et al. Body-mass index and incidence of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Lancet2008; 371: 569–578.
69.
DoninNMPantuckAKlopferP, et al. Body mass index and survival in a prospective randomized trial of localized high-risk renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev2016; 25: 1326–1332.
70.
LeeWKHongSKLeeS, et al. Prognostic value of body mass index according to histologic subtype in non metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a large cohort analysis. Clin Genitourin Cancer2015; 13: 461–468.
71.
BarnesKTSmithBJLynchCF, et al. Obesity and invasive penile cancer. Eur Urol2013; 63: 588–589.
72.
BarnesKTMcDowellBDButtonA, et al. Obesity is associated with increased risk of invasive penile cancer. BMC Urol2016; 16: 42.
73.
DjajadiningratRSvan WerkhovenEHorenblasS.Penile cancer stage, survival and body mass index. Urol Int2015; 94: 220–224.
74.
KeimlingMBehrensGSchmidD, et al. The association between physical activity and bladder cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Cancer2014; 110: 1862–1870.
75.
MooreSCLeeIMWeiderpassE, et al. Association of leisure time physical activity with risk of 26 types of cancer in 1.44 million adults. JAMA Int Med2016; 176: 816.
76.
LissMAWhiteMNatarajanL, et al. Exercised decreases and smoking increases bladder cancer mortality. Clin Genitourin Cancer2017; 15: 391–395.
77.
OliveiraSNLeeI-M.Is exercise beneficial in the prevention of prostate cancer?Sports Med1997; 23: 271–278.
78.
FriedenreichCMThuneI.A review of physical activity and prostate cancer risk. Cancer Causes Control2001; 12: 461–475.
79.
TortiDCMathesonGO.Exercise and prostate cancer. Sports Med2004; 34: 363–369.
80.
LiuYHuFLiD, et al. Does physical activity reduce the risk of prostate cancer? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Urol2011; 60: 1029–1044.
81.
Brookman-MaySDCampiRHenríquezJD, et al. Latest evidence on the impact of smoking, sports, and sexual activity as modifiable lifestyle risk factors for prostate cancer incidence, recurrence, and progression: a systematic review of the literature by the European Association of Urology Section of Oncological Urology (ESOU). Eur Urol Focus2018; 2405-4569: 30069–30065.
82.
WiklundFLagerosYTChangE, et al. Lifetime total physical activity and prostate cancer in a population-based case-control study in Sweden. Eur J Epidemiol2008; 23: 739–746.
83.
FriedenreichCMMcGregorSECourneyaKS, et al. Case-control study of lifetime physical activity and prostate cancer. Am J Epidemiol2004; 159: 740–749.
84.
JianLShenZJLeeAH, et al. Moderate physical activity and prostate cancer risk: a case-control study in China. Eur J Epidemiol2005; 20: 155–160.
85.
FriedenreichCMWangQNeilsonHK, et al. Physical activity and survival after prostate cancer. Eur Urol2016; 70: 576–585.
86.
KenfieldSABatistaJLJahnJL, et al. Development and application of a lifestyle score for prevention of lethal prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst2015; 108: djv329.
87.
RiefHBrucknerTSchlamppI, et al. Resistance training concomitant to radiotherapy of spinal bone metastases—survival and prognostic factors of a randomized trial. Radiat Oncol2016; 11: 97.
88.
RichmanELKenfieldSAStampferMJ, et al. Physical activity after diagnosis and risk of prostate cancer progression: data from the cancer of the prostate strategic urologic research endeavor. Cancer Res2011; 71: 3889–3895.
89.
BonnSESjölanderALagerrosYT, et al. Physical activity and survival among men diagnosed with prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev2015; 24: 57–64.
90.
XiaoQLiaoLMatthewsCE, et al. Physical activity and renal cell carcinoma among black and white Americans: a case-control study. BMC Cancer2014; 14: 707–798.
91.
BehrensGLeitzmannMF.The association between physical activity and renal cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Cancer2013; 108: 798–811.
92.
WilliamsPT.Reduced risk of incident kidney cancer from walking and running. Med Sci Sports Exerc2014; 46: 312–317.
93.
Van OschFHJochemsSHVan SchootenFJ, et al. Quantified relations between exposure to tobacco smoking and bladder cancer risk: ameta-analysis of 89 observational studies. Int J Epidemiol2016; 45: 857–870.
94.
ZeegersMPTanFEDorantE, et al. The impact of characteristics of cigarette smoking on urinary tract cancer risk: a meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. Cancer2000; 89: 630–639.
95.
CumberbatchMGRotaMCattoJW, et al. The role of tobacco smoke in bladder and kidney carcinogenesis: a comparison of exposures and meta-analysis of incidence and mortality risks. Eur Urol2016; 70(3): 458–466.
96.
BjurlinMACohnMRFreemanVL, et al. Ethnicity and smoking status are associated with awareness of smoking related genitourinary diseases. J Urol2012; 188: 724–728.
97.
FleshnerNGarlandJMoadelA, et al. Influence of smoking status on the disease—related outcomes of patients with tobacco-associated superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Cancer1999; 86: 2337–2345.
98.
LammersRJWitjesWPHendricksenK, et al. Smoking status is a risk factor for recurrence after transurethral resection of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Eur Urol2011; 60: 713–720.
99.
SosnowskiRPrzewozniakK.The role of the urologist in smoking cessation: why is it important?Urol Oncol2015; 33: 30–39.
100.
LiHMAzhatiBRexiatiM, et al. Impact of smoking status and cumulative smoking exposure on tumor recurrence of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Int Urol Nephrol2017; 49: 69–76.
101.
ChoiMYJeeSHSullJW, et al. The effect of hypertension on the risk for kidney cancer in Korean men. Kidney Int2005; 67: 647–652.
102.
WattersJLParkYHollenbeckA, et al. Cigarette smoking and prostate cancer in a prospective US cohort study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev2009; 18: 2427–2435.
103.
Perez-CornagoAKeyTJAllenNE, et al. Prospective investigation of risk factors for prostate cancer in the UK Biobank cohort study. Br J Cancer2017; 117: 1562–1571.
104.
MurphyABAkereyeniFNyameYA, et al. Smoking and prostate cancer in a multi-ethnic cohort. Prostate2013; 73: 1518–1528.
105.
TangBHanCTGanHL, et al. Smoking increased the risk of prostate cancer with grade group ⩾ 4 and intraductal carcinoma in a prospective biopsy cohort. Prostate2017; 77: 984–989.
106.
HuncharekMHaddockKSReidR, et al. Smoking as a risk factor for prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of 24 prospective cohort studies. Am J Public Health2010; 100: 693–701.
107.
Ordóñez-MenaJMSchöttkerBMonsU, et al. Quantification of the smoking-associated cancer risk with rate advancement periods: meta-analysis of individual participant data from cohorts of the CHANCES consortium. BMC Med2016; 14: 62.
108.
IslamiFMoreiraDMBoffettaP, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of tobacco use and prostate cancer mortality and incidence in prospective cohort studies. Eur Urol2014; 66: 1054–1064.
109.
NgoTCLeeJJBrooksJD, et al. Smoking and adverse outcomes at radical prostatectomy. Urol Oncol2013; 31: 749–754.
110.
SatoNShiotaMShigaKI, et al. Smoking effect on oncological outcome among men with prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. Jpn J Clin Oncol2017; 47: 453–457.
111.
OhJJHongSKJeongCW, et al. Significance of smoking status regarding outcomes after radical prostatectomy. Int Urol Nephrol2012; 44: 119–124.
112.
MoreiraDMAronsonWJ.Cigarette smoking is associated with an increased risk of biochemical disease recurrence, metastasis, castration-resistant prostate cancer, and mortality after radical prostatectomy: results from the SEARCH database. Cancer2014; 120: 197–204.
113.
SteinbergerEKollmeierMMcBrideS, et al. Cigarette smoking during external beam radiation therapy for prostate cancer is associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer-specific mortality and treatment-related toxicity. BJU Int2015; 116: 596–603.
114.
HuntJDvan der HelOLMcMillanGP, et al. Renal cell carcinoma in relation to cigarette smoking: meta-analysis of 24 studies. Int J Cancer2005; 114: 101–108.
115.
ParkerALohseCChevilleJ, et al. Evaluation of the association of current cigarette smoking and outcome for patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Int J Urol2008; 15: 304–308.
116.
SetiawanVWStramDONomuraAM, et al. Risk factors for renal cell cancer: the multiethnic cohort. Am J Epidemiol2007; 166: 93240.
117.
PatelNHAttwoodKMHanzlyM, et al. Comparative analysis of smoking as a risk factor among renal cell carcinoma histological subtypes. J Urol2015; 194: 640–646.
118.
WashioMMoriMMikamiK, et al. Cigarette smoking and other risk factors for kidney cancer death in a Japanese population: Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for evaluation of cancer risk (JACC study). Asian Pac J Cancer Prev2014; 14: 6523–6528.
119.
TheisRPDolwick GriebSMBurrD, et al. Smoking, environmental tobacco smoke, and risk of renal cell cancer: a population-based case-control study. BMC Cancer2008; 8: 387.
120.
RiderJRWilsonKMSinnottJA, et al. Ejaculation frequency and risk of prostate cancer: updated results with an additional decade of follow-up. Eur Urol2016; 70: 974–982.
121.
PapaNPMacInnisRJEnglishDR, et al. Ejaculatory frequency and the risk of aggressive prostate cancer: findings from a case-control study. Urol Oncol2017; 35(530): e7–e13.
122.
MorrisBJGrayRHCastellsagueX, et al. The strong protective effect of circumcision against cancer of the penis. Adv Urol2011; 2011: 812368.
123.
HellerDS.Lesions and neoplasms of the penis: a review. J Low Genit Tract Dis2016; 20: 107–111.
124.
MisraSChaturvediAMisraNC.Penile carcinoma: a challenge for the developing world. Lancet Oncol2004; 5: 240–247.
125.
Pow-SangMRFerreiraUPow-SangJM, et al. Epidemiology and natural history of penile cancer. Urology2010; 76: S2–S6.
126.
ShavitORouraEBarchanaM, et al. Burden of human papillomavirus infection and related diseases in Israel. Vaccine2013; 31(Suppl. 8): I32–I41.
127.
SchoenEJ.Neonatal circumcision and penile cancer. Evidence that circumcision is protective is overwhelming. BMJ1996; 313: 46–47.
128.
ChristodoulidouMSahdevVHousseinS, et al. Epidemiology of penile cancer. Curr Probl Cancer2015; 39: 126–136.
129.
LetendreJSaadFLattoufJB.Penile cancer: what’s new?Curr Opin Support Palliat Care2011; 5: 185–191.
