FeinsteinE.I., BlumenkrantzM.J., HealyM.Clinical and metabolic response to parenteral nutrition in acute renal failure. A controlled double blind study. Medicine1981; 60: 124–37.
2.
SmithiesM.N., CameronJ.S.Can we predict outcome in acute renal failure?Nephron1989; 51: 297–300.
3.
RouthG.S., MoneJ.G., BriggsJ.D.Survival from acute renal failure with and without multiple organ dysfunction. Post-Grad Med J1980; 56: 244–7.
4.
FeinsteinE.I.Parenteral nutrition in acute renal failure. Am J Nephrol1985; 5: 145–9.
5.
MullenJ.L., BuzzlyG.P., MatthewsD.C., SmaleB.F., RosatoE.F.Reduction of operative morbidity and mortality by combined preoperative and postoperative nutritional support. Ann Surg1980; 192: 604–9.
6.
KoppleJ.D., FeinsteinE.I.Current problems in aminoacid therapy for acute renal failure. Proc EDTA1982; 19: 129–400.
7.
BynoeR.P., KudskK.A., FabianT.C., BrownR.O.Nutrition support in trauma patients. Nutr Clin Pract1988; 3: 137–44.
8.
CerraF.Hypermetabolism, organ failure and metabolic support. Surgery1987; 101: 1–14.
9.
De FronzoR.A., SmithD., AlvestrendA.Insulin action in uraemia. Kidney Int1983; 24 suppl 16: S102–14.
10.
HaglerS.R.Insulin resistence of uraemia. Am J Kindey Dis1989; 14: 272–6.
11.
MetcoffJ., FurstP., ScharerK.Energy production, intracellular aminoacid pools, and protein synthesis in chronic renal disease. J Am Coll Nutr1989; 8: 271–84.
12.
MitchW.E., MayR.C., MaroniB.J.Mechanisms for abnormal protein metabolism in uraemia. J Am Coll Nutr1989; 8: 305–9.
13.
ClarkA.S., MitchW.E.Muscle protein turnover and glucose uptake in acutely uraemic rats: effects of insulin and the duration of renal insufficiency. J Clin Invest1983; 72: 836–45.
14.
MayR.C., KellyR.A., MitchW.E.Metabolic acidosis stimulates protein degradationn in rat muscle by a glucocorticoid-dependent mechanism. J Clin Invest1986; 77: 714–21.
15.
MayR.C., HaraY., KellyR.A., BlockK.P., BuseM.G., MitchW.E.Branched-chain aminoacid metabolism in rat muscle: abnormal regulation in acidosis. Am J Physiol1987; 252: E712–8.
16.
PapadoyannakisN.J., StefanidisC.J., Mc GeownM.The effect of correction of metabolic acidosis on nitrogen and potassium balance of patients with chronic renal failure. Am J Clin Nutr1984; 40: 623–7.
17.
WilmoreD.W., LongJ.M., MasonA.D.Jr.Cathecolamines: mediator of the hypermetabolic response to thermal injury. Ann Surg1974; 180: 653–68.
18.
RyanT.N.Metabolic adaptations for energy production during trauma and sepsis. Surg Clin North Am1976; 56: 1073–90.
19.
WilmoreD.W.Hormonal responses and their effect on metabolism. Surg Clin North Am1976; 56: 999–1018.
20.
BeiselW.R.Magnitude of the nutritional responses to infection. Am J Clin Nutr1977; 30: 1236–47.
21.
BirkhamR.H., LongC.L., FitkinD.Effects of major skeletal trauma on whole body protein turnover in man measured by 1-1-c 14 leucine. Surgery1980; 88: 294–300.
22.
AlbertiKGMM, BatstoneG.F., PathM.R.C.Relative role of various hormones in mediating the metabolic response to injury. J Parent Nutr1980; 4: 141–6.
23.
LongC.L.Energy balance and carbohydrate metabolism in infection and sepsis. Am J Clin Nutr1977; 30: 1301–10.
24.
ElwynD.H., KinneyJ.M., JeevanadumM.Influence of increasing carbohydrate intake on glucose kinetics in injured patients. Ann Surg1979; 190: 117–27.
25.
LangC.H., BagbyG.L., BornsideG.H.Sustained hypermetabolic sepsis in rats: characterization of the model. J Surg Res1983; 35: 201–10.
26.
LangC.H., BagbyG.J., BlakesleyH.L.Glucose kinetics and pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in septic rats treated with dichloroacetate. Circ Shock1983; 23: 131–41.
27.
KudskK.A., MirtalloJ.M.Nutritional support of the critically ill patient. Drug Intell Clin Pharm1983; 17: 501–66.
28.
ShawJ.H.F., WolfeR.R.An integrated analysis of glucose, fat and protein metabolism in severely traumatized patients. Studies in the basal state and the response to total parenteral nutrition. Ann Surg1989; 209: 63–72.
BeiselW.R., WannemacherR.W.Gluconeogenesis, urea-genesis and ketogenesis during sepsis. J Parent Nutr1980; 4: 277–85.
31.
RudermanN.B.Muscle aminoacid metabolism and neoglucogenesis. Ann Rev Med1975; 26: 245–58.
32.
HasselgrenP.O., AlmersjoO., GustavssonB., SeemanT.Aminoacid incorporation into liver proteins during short-term ligation of the hepatic artery in the dog. Eur Surg Res1979; 11: 366–71.
33.
FreundH.R., JamesJ.H., FisherJ.E.Nitrogen-sparing mechanisms of singly administered branched-chain amino acids in the injured rat. Surgery1981; 90: 237–43.
34.
WolfeR.R., DurkotM.J., WolfeM.H.The effect of thermal injury on energy metabolism, substrate kinetics, and hormone concentrations. Circ Shock1982; 9: 383–90.
35.
WolfeR.R., HerndonD.N., PetersE.J.Regulation of lipolysis in severely burned children. Ann Surg1987; 290: 214–21.
36.
FraynK.N.Hormonal control of metabolism in trauma and sepsis. Clin Endocrinol1986; 24: 577–99.
37.
WolfeR.R., ShawJ.H.F., DurkoiM.J.Effect of sepsis on VLDL kinetics: responses in basal state and during glucose infusion. Am J Physiol1985; 248: E732–40.
38.
RobinsonK.M., MillerH.I.Contribution of altered lipolysis and esterification in perturbations of free fatty acid kinetics during burn shock. Adv Shock Res1981; 5: 227–36.
39.
SpitzerJ.J., BagbyG.J., MeszarosK., LangC.H.Alterations in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in sepsis. J Parent Nutr1988; 12 suppl 6: S53–8.
WilmoreD.W., AulickL.H.Metabolic changes in burned patients. Surg Clin North Am1978; 58: 1173–88.
42.
HollidayR.L., ViidikT.V., JenningsB.Lipid metabolism in stress. In: JohnstonI.D.A., ed. Advances in parenteral nutrition.Lancaster, UK: MTP Press limited1978; 179–92.
43.
BirkhamR.H., LongC.L., FitkinD.L.A comparison of the effects of skeletal trauma and surgery on the ketosis of starvation in man. J Trauma1981; 21: 513–9.
44.
HartlW.H., JauchK.W., KimmigR., WilklmayrM., GuntherB., HebergerG.Minor role of ketone bodies in energy metabolism by skeletal muscle tissue during postoperative course. Ann Surg1988; 207: 95–101.
45.
WannemacherR.W., PekarekR.S., ThompsonW.L.A protein from polymorphonuclear leukocytes (LEM) which affects the rate of hepatic aminoacid transport and synthesis of acute-phase globulins. Endocrinology1975; 96: 651–61.
46.
BeiselW.R.Magnitude of the host nutritional responses to infection. Am J Clin Nutr1977; 30: 1236–47.
47.
KushnerI.The phenomenon of the acute phase response. Ann NY Acad Sci1982; 389: 39–48.
48.
PomposelliJ.J., FloreE.A., BistrianB.R.Role of biochemical mediators in clinical nutrition and surgical metabolism. J Parent Ent Nutr1988; 12: 212–7.
49.
FongY., LowryS.F., CeramiA.Cachectin/TNF: a macrophage protein that induces cachexia and shock. J Parent Ent Nutr1988; 12 suppl 6: S72–7.
PittirutiM., SiegelJ.H., SgangaG., ColemanB., WilesC.E., PlackoR.Determinants of urea nitrogen production in sepsis. Muscle catabolism, total parenteral nutrition and hepatic clearance of aminoacids. Arch Surg1989; 124: 362–72.
MichieH.R., SpriggsD.R., ManogueK.R., SchemanM.L., RevhavgA., O' DweyrS.F.Tumor necrosis factor and endotoxin induce similar metabolic responses in humans. Surgery1988; 104: 280–6.
64.
DamasP., ReuterA., GysenP., DemontyJ., LamyM., FranchimontP.Tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 serum levels during severe sepsis in humans. Critical Care Med1989; 17: 975–8.
65.
DebetsJ.H.M., KampheijerR., van der LindenMPMH, BuurmanW.A., van der LindenC.J.Plasma tumor necrosis factor and mortality in critically ill septic patients. Critical Care Med1989; 17: 489–94.
66.
BergstromJ, AlvestrandA.Metabolism and nutritional supply of aminoacids in renal failure. Riv Ital Nutr Parent Ent1988; 6: 83–95.
67.
MaherJ.F.Replacement of renal function by dialysis.3rd ed.Dordrect: Kluwer Academic Publishers1989.
68.
MauliJ.R., BartlettR.H., DecrertR.E., ClarkS.F., SwartzR.D.Starvation a major condition to mortality in acute renal failure?Trans ASAIO1983; 29: 390–3.
69.
BakerC.O., OppenheimerL., StephensT.Epidemiology of trauma deaths. Am J Surg1980; 140: 144–8.
70.
GorisR.J.A., DraaismaJ.Causes of death after blunt trauma. J Trauma1982; 22: 141–5.
71.
BistrianB.R., BlackburnG.L., HallowellW.E., HeddleR.Protein status of general surgical patients. JAMA1974; 230: 858–60.
72.
HillG.L., PickfordI., YoungG.A.Malnutrition in surgical patients: an unrecognized problem. Lancet1977; 1: 689–92.
73.
HarrisJ.A., BenedictF.G.Biometric studies of basal metabolism in man.Carnegie Institute of Washington, publication 1919; 219.
74.
CerraF.B.Pocket manual of surgical nutrition.St LouisCV Mosby Co1984.
75.
CortesV., NelsonL.D.Errors in estimating energy expenditure in critically ill surgical patients. Arch Surg1989; 287–90.
76.
WolfeR.R., O'DonnellT.F., StoneM.D.Investigation of factors determining the optimal glucose infusion rate in total parenteral nutrition. Metabolism1980; 29: 892–900.
77.
WeissmanC., HymanA.I.Nutritional care of the critically ill patient with respiratory failure. Crit Care Clin1987; 3: 185–9.
78.
BenottiP.N., BistrianB.Metabolic and nutritional aspects of weaning from mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med1989; 17: 181–5.
79.
Al-SaadyN.M., BlackmoreC.M., BennettEDHigh fat, low carbohydrate, enteral feeding lowers PaCO2 and reduces the period of ventilation in artificially ventilated patients. Intensive Care Med1989; 15: 290–5.
80.
AbbottW.C., GrakauskasA.M., BistrianB.R.Metabolic and respiratory effects of continuous and discontinuous infusions. Arch Surg1984; 119: 1367–72.
81.
SobradoJ., MoldanerL.L., PomposelliJ.Lipid emulsions and reticuloendothelial system function in healthy and burned guinea pigs. Am J Clin Nutr1985; 42: 855–63.
MaizA., YamazakiK., SobradoJ.Protein metabolism during total parenteral nutrition (TPN) in injured rats using medium-chain triglycerides. Metabolism1984; 33: 901–9.
84.
TeoT.C., De MicheleS.J., SelleckK.M., BanayananV.K., BlackburnG.L., BistrianB.R.Administration of structured lipid composed of MCT and fish oil reduces net protein catabolism in enterally fed burned rats. Ann Surg1989; 210: 100–7.
85.
AlwynD.H.Nutritional requirements of adult surgical patients. Crit Care Med1980; 8: 9–20.
86.
EcheniqueM.M., BistrianB.R., BlackburnG.L.Theory and techniques of nutritional support in the ICU. Crit Care Med1982; 10: 546–9.
87.
SawJ.H.F., WildboreM., WolfeR.R.Whole body protein kinetics in severely septic patients. Ann Surg1987; 205: 66–72.
88.
ClowesG.H.A., HeidemanM., LindgergB.Effects of parenteral alimentation on aminoacid metabolism in septic patients. Surgery1980; 88: 531–43.
89.
SargentJ.A., GotchF.A.Nutrition and treatment of the acutely ill patients using urea kinetics. Dial Transpl1981; 319–414.
90.
BistrianB.R.A simple technique to estimate severity of stress. Surg Gynecol Obstetr1979; 148; 675–8.
91.
FeinsteinE.I.Total parenteral nutritional support of a patient with acute renal failure. Nutr Clin Pract1988; 3: 9–13.
92.
GoldsteinD.J.Nutrition for acute renal failure patients on continuous hemofiltration. Nutr Clin Pract1988; 3: 238–41.
93.
SchetzM., LauwersP.M., FerdinandeP.Extracorporeal treatment of acute renal failure in the intensive care unit: a critical view. Int Care Med1989; 15: 349–57.