Metabolic Alterations in Acute Renal Failure: The Hypermetabolism and the Multiple-Organ-Failure Syndrome

Abstract

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Feinstein

E.I.

, Blumenkrantz

M.J.

, Healy

Clinical and metabolic response to parenteral nutrition in acute renal failure. A controlled double blind study. Medicine 1981; 60: 124–37.

Smithies

M.N.

, Cameron

J.S.

Can we predict outcome in acute renal failure?

Nephron 1989; 51: 297–300.

Routh

G.S.

, Mone

J.G.

, Briggs

J.D.

Survival from acute renal failure with and without multiple organ dysfunction. Post-Grad Med J 1980; 56: 244–7.

Feinstein

E.I.

Parenteral nutrition in acute renal failure. Am J Nephrol 1985; 5: 145–9.

Mullen

J.L.

, Buzzly

G.P.

, Matthews

D.C.

, Smale

B.F.

, Rosato

E.F.

Reduction of operative morbidity and mortality by combined preoperative and postoperative nutritional support. Ann Surg 1980; 192: 604–9.

Kopple

J.D.

, Feinstein

E.I.

Current problems in aminoacid therapy for acute renal failure. Proc EDTA 1982; 19: 129–400.

Bynoe

R.P.

, Kudsk

K.A.

, Fabian

T.C.

, Brown

R.O.

Nutrition support in trauma patients. Nutr Clin Pract 1988; 3: 137–44.

Cerra

Hypermetabolism, organ failure and metabolic support. Surgery 1987; 101: 1–14.

De Fronzo

R.A.

, Smith

, Alvestrend

Insulin action in uraemia. Kidney Int 1983; 24 suppl 16: S102–14.

10.

Hagler

S.R.

Insulin resistence of uraemia. Am J Kindey Dis 1989; 14: 272–6.

11.

Metcoff

, Furst

, Scharer

Energy production, intracellular aminoacid pools, and protein synthesis in chronic renal disease. J Am Coll Nutr 1989; 8: 271–84.

12.

Mitch

W.E.

, May

R.C.

, Maroni

B.J.

Mechanisms for abnormal protein metabolism in uraemia. J Am Coll Nutr 1989; 8: 305–9.

13.

Clark

A.S.

, Mitch

W.E.

Muscle protein turnover and glucose uptake in acutely uraemic rats: effects of insulin and the duration of renal insufficiency. J Clin Invest 1983; 72: 836–45.

14.

May

R.C.

, Kelly

R.A.

, Mitch

W.E.

Metabolic acidosis stimulates protein degradationn in rat muscle by a glucocorticoid-dependent mechanism. J Clin Invest 1986; 77: 714–21.

15.

May

R.C.

, Hara

, Kelly

R.A.

, Block

K.P.

, Buse

M.G.

, Mitch

W.E.

Branched-chain aminoacid metabolism in rat muscle: abnormal regulation in acidosis. Am J Physiol 1987; 252: E712–8.

16.

Papadoyannakis

N.J.

, Stefanidis

C.J.

, Mc Geown

The effect of correction of metabolic acidosis on nitrogen and potassium balance of patients with chronic renal failure. Am J Clin Nutr 1984; 40: 623–7.

17.

Wilmore

D.W.

, Long

J.M.

, Mason

A.D.

Jr. Cathecolamines: mediator of the hypermetabolic response to thermal injury. Ann Surg 1974; 180: 653–68.

18.

Ryan

T.N.

Metabolic adaptations for energy production during trauma and sepsis. Surg Clin North Am 1976; 56: 1073–90.

19.

Wilmore

D.W.

Hormonal responses and their effect on metabolism. Surg Clin North Am 1976; 56: 999–1018.

20.

Beisel

W.R.

Magnitude of the nutritional responses to infection. Am J Clin Nutr 1977; 30: 1236–47.

21.

Birkham

R.H.

, Long

C.L.

, Fitkin

Effects of major skeletal trauma on whole body protein turnover in man measured by 1-1-c 14 leucine. Surgery 1980; 88: 294–300.

22.

Alberti

KGMM

, Batstone

G.F.

, Path

M.R.C.

Relative role of various hormones in mediating the metabolic response to injury. J Parent Nutr 1980; 4: 141–6.

23.

Long

C.L.

Energy balance and carbohydrate metabolism in infection and sepsis. Am J Clin Nutr 1977; 30: 1301–10.

24.

Elwyn

D.H.

, Kinney

J.M.

, Jeevanadum

Influence of increasing carbohydrate intake on glucose kinetics in injured patients. Ann Surg 1979; 190: 117–27.

25.

Lang

C.H.

, Bagby

G.L.

, Bornside

G.H.

Sustained hypermetabolic sepsis in rats: characterization of the model. J Surg Res 1983; 35: 201–10.

26.

Lang

C.H.

, Bagby

G.J.

, Blakesley

H.L.

Glucose kinetics and pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in septic rats treated with dichloroacetate. Circ Shock 1983; 23: 131–41.

27.

Kudsk

K.A.

, Mirtallo

J.M.

Nutritional support of the critically ill patient. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 1983; 17: 501–66.

28.

Shaw

J.H.F.

, Wolfe

R.R.

An integrated analysis of glucose, fat and protein metabolism in severely traumatized patients. Studies in the basal state and the response to total parenteral nutrition. Ann Surg 1989; 209: 63–72.

29.

Felig

The glucose-alanine cycle. Metabolism 1973; 22: 179–207.

30.

Beisel

W.R.

, Wannemacher

R.W.

Gluconeogenesis, urea-genesis and ketogenesis during sepsis. J Parent Nutr 1980; 4: 277–85.

31.

Ruderman

N.B.

Muscle aminoacid metabolism and neoglucogenesis. Ann Rev Med 1975; 26: 245–58.

32.

Hasselgren

P.O.

, Almersjo

, Gustavsson

, Seeman

Aminoacid incorporation into liver proteins during short-term ligation of the hepatic artery in the dog. Eur Surg Res 1979; 11: 366–71.

33.

Freund

H.R.

, James

J.H.

, Fisher

J.E.

Nitrogen-sparing mechanisms of singly administered branched-chain amino acids in the injured rat. Surgery 1981; 90: 237–43.

34.

Wolfe

R.R.

, Durkot

M.J.

, Wolfe

M.H.

The effect of thermal injury on energy metabolism, substrate kinetics, and hormone concentrations. Circ Shock 1982; 9: 383–90.

35.

Wolfe

R.R.

, Herndon

D.N.

, Peters

E.J.

Regulation of lipolysis in severely burned children. Ann Surg 1987; 290: 214–21.

36.

Frayn

K.N.

Hormonal control of metabolism in trauma and sepsis. Clin Endocrinol 1986; 24: 577–99.

37.

Wolfe

R.R.

, Shaw

J.H.F.

, Durkoi

M.J.

Effect of sepsis on VLDL kinetics: responses in basal state and during glucose infusion. Am J Physiol 1985; 248: E732–40.

38.

Robinson

K.M.

, Miller

H.I.

Contribution of altered lipolysis and esterification in perturbations of free fatty acid kinetics during burn shock. Adv Shock Res 1981; 5: 227–36.

39.

Spitzer

J.J.

, Bagby

G.J.

, Meszaros

, Lang

C.H.

Alterations in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in sepsis. J Parent Nutr 1988; 12 suppl 6: S53–8.

40.

Cerra

F.B.

, Alden

P.A.

, Negro

Sepsis and exogenous lipid metabolism. J Parent Nutr 1988; 12 suppl 6: S63–8.

41.

Wilmore

D.W.

, Aulick

L.H.

Metabolic changes in burned patients. Surg Clin North Am 1978; 58: 1173–88.

42.

Holliday

R.L.

, Viidik

T.V.

, Jennings

Lipid metabolism in stress. In: Johnston

I.D.A.

, ed. Advances in parenteral nutrition. Lancaster, UK: MTP Press limited 1978; 179–92.

43.

Birkham

R.H.

, Long

C.L.

, Fitkin

D.L.

A comparison of the effects of skeletal trauma and surgery on the ketosis of starvation in man. J Trauma 1981; 21: 513–9.

44.

Hartl

W.H.

, Jauch

K.W.

, Kimmig

, Wilklmayr

, Gunther

, Heberger

Minor role of ketone bodies in energy metabolism by skeletal muscle tissue during postoperative course. Ann Surg 1988; 207: 95–101.

45.

Wannemacher

R.W.

, Pekarek

R.S.

, Thompson

W.L.

A protein from polymorphonuclear leukocytes (LEM) which affects the rate of hepatic aminoacid transport and synthesis of acute-phase globulins. Endocrinology 1975; 96: 651–61.

46.

Beisel

W.R.

Magnitude of the host nutritional responses to infection. Am J Clin Nutr 1977; 30: 1236–47.

47.

Kushner

The phenomenon of the acute phase response. Ann NY Acad Sci 1982; 389: 39–48.

48.

Pomposelli

J.J.

, Flore

E.A.

, Bistrian

B.R.

Role of biochemical mediators in clinical nutrition and surgical metabolism. J Parent Ent Nutr 1988; 12: 212–7.

49.

Fong

, Lowry

S.F.

, Cerami

Cachectin/TNF: a macrophage protein that induces cachexia and shock. J Parent Ent Nutr 1988; 12 suppl 6: S72–7.

50.

Shires

G.T.

, Canizaro

P.C.

, Carrico

C.J.

Shock. In: Scwartz , eds. Principles of surgery. New York: McGraw-Hill 1979; 135–84.

51.

Pittiruti

, Siegel

J.H.

, Sganga

, Coleman

, Wiles

C.E.

, Placko

Determinants of urea nitrogen production in sepsis. Muscle catabolism, total parenteral nutrition and hepatic clearance of aminoacids. Arch Surg 1989; 124: 362–72.

52.

Beutler

, Cerami

The endogenous mediator of endotoxic shock. Clin Res 1987; 35: 192–7.

53.

Michie

H.R.

, Manogue

K.R.M.

, Spriggs

D.R.

Detection of circulating tumor necrosis factor. N Engl J Med 1988; 318: 1481–7.

54.

Dinarello

C.A.

Interleukin-1 and the pathogenesis of the acute phase response. N Engl J Med 1984; 311: 1413–8.

55.

Natham

C.F.

Secretory products of macrophages. J Clin Invest 1987; 79: 319–26.

56.

Old

L.J.

Polypeptide mediator network. Nature 1987; 326: 330–1.

57.

Michie

H.R.

, Eberlein

T.J.

, Spriggs

D.R.

, Manogue

K.R.

, Cerami

, Wilmore

Interleukin-2 initiates metabolic responses associated with critical illmess in humans. Ann Surg 1988; 208: 493–503.

58.

Tracey

K.J.

, Lowry

S.F.

, Fahey

T.J.

Cachectin/tumor necrosis factor induces lethal shock and stress hormone responses in the dog. Surg Gynecol Obstetr 1987; 184: 118–22.

59.

Tracey

K.J.

, Beutser

, Lowry

S.F.

Shock and time injury induced by recombinant human cachectin. Sci 1986; 234: 470–4.

60.

Tracey

K.J.

, Wei

, Manogue

K.R.

Cachectin/TNF induces cachexia, anorexia and inflammation. J Exp Med 1988; 167: 1211–27.

61.

Beutler

, Milsark

, Cerami

Passive immunization against cachectin/TNF protects mice from the lethal effects of endotoxin. Sci 1985; 229: 869–71.

62.

Tracey

K.J.

, Fong

, Hesse

D.G.

Anticachectin/TNF monoclonal antibodies prevent septic shock during lethal bacteriemia. Nature 1987; 330: 662–4.

63.

Michie

H.R.

, Spriggs

D.R.

, Manogue

K.R.

, Scheman

M.L.

, Revhavg

, O' Dweyr

S.F.

Tumor necrosis factor and endotoxin induce similar metabolic responses in humans. Surgery 1988; 104: 280–6.

64.

Damas

, Reuter

, Gysen

, Demonty

, Lamy

, Franchimont

Tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 serum levels during severe sepsis in humans. Critical Care Med 1989; 17: 975–8.

65.

Debets

J.H.M.

, Kampheijer

, van der Linden

MPMH

, Buurman

W.A.

, van der Linden

C.J.

Plasma tumor necrosis factor and mortality in critically ill septic patients. Critical Care Med 1989; 17: 489–94.

66.

Bergstrom

, Alvestrand

Metabolism and nutritional supply of aminoacids in renal failure. Riv Ital Nutr Parent Ent 1988; 6: 83–95.

67.

Maher

J.F.

Replacement of renal function by dialysis. 3rd ed. Dordrect: Kluwer Academic Publishers 1989.

68.

Mauli

J.R.

, Bartlett

R.H.

, Decrert

R.E.

, Clark

S.F.

, Swartz

R.D.

Starvation a major condition to mortality in acute renal failure?

Trans ASAIO 1983; 29: 390–3.

69.

Baker

C.O.

, Oppenheimer

, Stephens

Epidemiology of trauma deaths. Am J Surg 1980; 140: 144–8.

70.

Goris

R.J.A.

, Draaisma

Causes of death after blunt trauma. J Trauma 1982; 22: 141–5.

71.

Bistrian

B.R.

, Blackburn

G.L.

, Hallowell

W.E.

, Heddle

Protein status of general surgical patients. JAMA 1974; 230: 858–60.

72.

Hill

G.L.

, Pickford

, Young

G.A.

Malnutrition in surgical patients: an unrecognized problem. Lancet 1977; 1: 689–92.

73.

Harris

J.A.

, Benedict

F.G.

Biometric studies of basal metabolism in man. Carnegie Institute of Washington, publication 1919; 219.

74.

Cerra

F.B.

Pocket manual of surgical nutrition. St Louis

CV Mosby Co

1984.

75.

Cortes

, Nelson

L.D.

Errors in estimating energy expenditure in critically ill surgical patients. Arch Surg 1989; 287–90.

76.

Wolfe

R.R.

, O'Donnell

T.F.

, Stone

M.D.

Investigation of factors determining the optimal glucose infusion rate in total parenteral nutrition. Metabolism 1980; 29: 892–900.

77.

Weissman

, Hyman

A.I.

Nutritional care of the critically ill patient with respiratory failure. Crit Care Clin 1987; 3: 185–9.

78.

Benotti

P.N.

, Bistrian

Metabolic and nutritional aspects of weaning from mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med 1989; 17: 181–5.

79.

Al-Saady

N.M.

, Blackmore

C.M.

, Bennett

High fat, low carbohydrate, enteral feeding lowers PaCO₂ and reduces the period of ventilation in artificially ventilated patients. Intensive Care Med 1989; 15: 290–5.

80.

Abbott

W.C.

, Grakauskas

A.M.

, Bistrian

B.R.

Metabolic and respiratory effects of continuous and discontinuous infusions. Arch Surg 1984; 119: 1367–72.

81.

Sobrado

, Moldaner

L.L.

, Pomposelli

Lipid emulsions and reticuloendothelial system function in healthy and burned guinea pigs. Am J Clin Nutr 1985; 42: 855–63.

82.

Fischer

G.W.

, Hunter

K.W.

, Wilson

S.R.

, Hease

A.D.

Diminished bacterial defenses with Intralipid. Lancet 1980; 2: 819–20.

83.

Maiz

, Yamazaki

, Sobrado

Protein metabolism during total parenteral nutrition (TPN) in injured rats using medium-chain triglycerides. Metabolism 1984; 33: 901–9.

84.

Teo

T.C.

, De Michele

S.J.

, Selleck

K.M.

, Banayanan

V.K.

, Blackburn

G.L.

, Bistrian

B.R.

Administration of structured lipid composed of MCT and fish oil reduces net protein catabolism in enterally fed burned rats. Ann Surg 1989; 210: 100–7.

85.

Alwyn

D.H.

Nutritional requirements of adult surgical patients. Crit Care Med 1980; 8: 9–20.

86.

Echenique

M.M.

, Bistrian

B.R.

, Blackburn

G.L.

Theory and techniques of nutritional support in the ICU. Crit Care Med 1982; 10: 546–9.

87.

Saw

J.H.F.

, Wildbore

, Wolfe

R.R.

Whole body protein kinetics in severely septic patients. Ann Surg 1987; 205: 66–72.

88.

Clowes

G.H.A.

, Heideman

, Lindgerg

Effects of parenteral alimentation on aminoacid metabolism in septic patients. Surgery 1980; 88: 531–43.

89.

Sargent

J.A.

, Gotch

F.A.

Nutrition and treatment of the acutely ill patients using urea kinetics. Dial Transpl 1981; 319–414.

90.

Bistrian

B.R.

A simple technique to estimate severity of stress. Surg Gynecol Obstetr 1979; 148; 675–8.

91.

Feinstein

E.I.

Total parenteral nutritional support of a patient with acute renal failure. Nutr Clin Pract 1988; 3: 9–13.

92.

Goldstein

D.J.

Nutrition for acute renal failure patients on continuous hemofiltration. Nutr Clin Pract 1988; 3: 238–41.

93.

Schetz

, Lauwers

P.M.

, Ferdinande

Extracorporeal treatment of acute renal failure in the intensive care unit: a critical view. Int Care Med 1989; 15: 349–57.