Removal of Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL) from Plasma: The State of the Art

Assmann G. Lipidstoffwechsel und Atherosklerose. Stuttgart, Schattauer: 1982.

Ross R. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis - an update. N Engl J Med 1986; 314: 488–500.

Kottke B.A. , Pineda A.A. , Case M.T. , Orsuzar A.M. , Brzys K.A. Hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis: present and future therapy including LDL-apheresis. J Clin Apheresis 1988; 4: 35–46.

Brown M.S. , Goldstein J.L. Arteriosklerose und Cholesterin: Die Rolle der LDL-Rezeptoren. Spektrum Wiss 1985; Jan 96–109.

Brown M.S. , Goldstein J.L. A receptor-mediated pathway for cholesterol homeostasis. Science 1986; 232: 34–47.

Thompson G.R. , Lowenthal R. , Myant N.B. Plasma exchange in the management of homozygous familial hy-percholesterolaemia. Lancet 1975; I: 1208–11.

Thompson G.R. Plasma exchange for hypercholesterol-aemia. Lancet 1981; I: 1246–48.

Thompson G.R. , Miller J.P. , Breslow J.L. Improved survival of patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterol-aemia treated with plasma exchange. Brit Med J 1985; 291: 1671–3.

Stein E.A. , Glueck C.J. , Wesselman A. , Owens E.R. , Nichols S. , Vink P. Repetitive intermittent flow plasma exchange in patients with severe hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 1981; 38: 149–64.

Eriksson M. , Lantz B. , Berlund L. , Angelin B. Plasma exchange in a patient with heterozygous familial hypercho-lesterolaemia resistant to drug therapy. Acta Med Scand 1987; 221: 317–20.

Agishi T. Double filtration plasmapheresis. In: Bambauer R. , Malchesky P.S. , Falkenhagen D. , eds. Therapeutic plasma exchange and selective plasma separation. Stuttgart, New York: Schattauer, 1987; 345–54.

Schwerdtfeger R. , von Baeyer H. , Kochinke F. Substitution-free therapeutic plasmapheresis by selective protein ultrafiltration using a 0.6 mega dalton membrane. In: Nose Y. , Malchesky P.S. , Smith J.W. , eds. Therapeutic apheresis: a critical look. Cleveland: ISAO Press, 1984; 236–40.

Yokoyama S. , Hayashi R. , Satani M. , Yamamoto A. Selective removal of low density lipoprotein by plasmapheresis in familial hypercholesterolemia. Arteriosclerosis 1985; 5: 613–22.

Homma Y. , Mikami Y. , Tamachi H. Comparison of selectivity of LDL removal by double filtration and dextran-sulfate cellulose column plasmapheresis. Atherosclerosis 1986; 60: 23–7.

Homma Y. , Mikami Y. , Tamachi H. , Nakaya N. , Nakamura H. , Goto Y. Comparison of selectivity of LDL removal by double filtration and dextran-sulfate cellulose column plasmapheresis, and changes of subfractionated plasma lipoproteins after plasmapheresis in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Metabolism 1987; 36: 419–25.

Fuchs C. , Windisch M. , Wieland H. Selective continuous extracorporeal elimination of low-density lipoproteins from plasma by heparin precipitation without cations. In: Lysaght M.J. , Gurland H.J. , eds. Plasma separation and plasma fractionation. Basel: Karger, 1983; 272–80.

Eisenhauer T. , Armstrong V.W. , Wieland H. , Fuchs C. , Scheler F. , Seidel D. Selective removal of low density lipoproteins (LDL) by precipitation at low pH: first clinical application of the HELP system. Klin Wschr 1987; 65: 161–8.

Antwiler G.D. , Dau P.C. , Lobdell D.D. Reduction of low density lipoproteins with dextran sulfate in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Apheresis 1988; 4: 18–29.

Stoffel W. , Demant T. Selective removal of apolipoprotein B-containing serum lipoproteins from blood plasma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981; 78: 611–5.

Stoffel W. , Bode C. Selective removal of low density lipoproteins. In: Pineda A.A. , ed. Selective plasma component removal. Mount Kisko, New York: 1984; 1–22.

Stoffel W. , Borberg H. , Greve V. Application of specific extracorporeal removal of low density lipoprotein in familial hypercholesterolaemia. Lancet 1981; II: 1005–7.

Borberg H. , Bode C. , Mattele L. , Oette K. , Taucher M. , Stoffel W. LDL-apheresis in hypercholesterolemic patients: technical and clinical aspects. In: Lysaght M.J. , Gurland H.J. , eds. Plasma separation and plasma fractionation. Basel: Karger, 1983; 266–71.

Borberg H. , Oette K. , Hombach V. , Stoffel W. Experience with specific plasma immunoadsorption therapy. In: Bambauer R. , Malchesky P.S. , Falkenhagen D. , eds. Therapeutic plasma exchange and selective plasma separation. Stuttgart, New York: Schattauer, 1987; 305–13.

Saal S.D. , Parker T.S. , Gordon B.R. Removal of low-density lipoproteins in patients by extracorporeal immunoadsorption. Amer J Med 1986; 80: 583–9.

Riesen W.F. , Imhof C. , Sturzenegger E. , Descoeudres C. , Mordasini R. , Oetliker O.H. Behandlung einer Hypercho-lesterinämie durch extracorporale Immunadsorption. Schweiz Med Wschr 1986; 116: 8–11.

Ostlund R.E. Immunosorbent chemistry: a study of agarose based column sorbents for the removal of low density lipoprotein (LDL) from blood. Artif Organs 1987; 11: 366–74.

Koren E. , Solter D. , Lee D.M. Characterization of a monoclonal antibody that binds equally to all apolipoprotein and lipoprotein forms of human plasma apolipoprotein B. I. Specificity and binding studies. Biochim Biophys Acta 1986; 876: 91–100.

Koren E. , Knight-Gibson C. , Wen G. , De Bault L.E. , Alau-povic P. Characterization of a monoclonal antibody that binds equally to all apolipoprotein and lipoprotein forms of human plasma apolipoprotein B. II. Isolation of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins from human plasma. Biochim Biophys Acta 1986; 876: 101–7.

Lupien P-J , Moorjani S. , Lou M. , Brun D. , Gagne C. Removal of cholesterol from blood by affinity binding to heparin-agarose: evaluation on treatment in homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Pediat Res 1980; 14: 113–7.

Yokoyama S. , Hayashi R. , Kikkawa T. Specific sor-bent of apolipoprotein-contaning lipoproteins for plasmapheresis. Characterization and experimental use in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Arteriosclerosis 1984; 4: 276–82.

Ellens D.J. Methods for selective blood component removal. Clin Nephrol 1986; 26(Suppl): 81–3.

Maaskant N. Sulfated polyvinylalcohol based low density lipoprotein binders. Twente, Netherlands, Technical University, 1986; 183 Dissertation.

Odaka M. , Kobayashi H. , Soeda K. Long term results of LDL selective plasma adsorption therapy on familial hypercholesterolemia. Biomat Art Cells Art Organs 1987; 15: 113–24.

Mabuchi H. , Michishita I. , Takeda M. A new low density lipoprotein apheresis system using two dextran sulfate columns in an automated column regenerating unit (LDL continuous apheresis). Atherosclerosis 1987; 68: 19–25.

Behm E. , Loth F. , Toewe D. , Ernst B. , Klinkmann H. Selective Adsorbentien für Lipoproteine niederer Dichte (LDL) - in vitro Studien. Z Klin Med 1988; 43: 121–4.

Behm E. , Loth F. , Toewe D. A newly developed LDL-binding material. In: Rock G. , ed. Proc. 2nd Internat. Congress World Apheresis Ass. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1988; in press.

Behm E. , Loth F. , Toewe D. A newly developed binding substance for LDL apheresis. 15th ESAO Congress, Prag, 1988; Abstract.