A definition and a review is given for the bioartificial organ. In addition new developments are reported with the successful lyophilization of enzime filled RCG with cryoprotective polyethylene glycol (PEG).
The successful use of an enzyme reactor consisting of crosslinked fibrin with asparaginase covalently attached is reported in sheep. The small organ (0.4 m2) removes 70% of the animal's asparagine in 6 hours. No enzyme leakage down to 10-5 units per ml. plasma could be found. The highly preserved substrate affinity of insolubilized asparaginase as well as its high activity and stability when bound to fibrin are additional outstanding features of this system.
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2.
BillahM.M., FineanJ.B., ColemanR., and MitchellR.H.: Permeability characteristics of erythrocyte ghosts prepared under isoionic conditions by a glycol-induced osmotic lysis.Biochim. Biophys. ACTA, 465: 515–26, 1977.
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ZimmermannV., RiemannF., and PilwatG.: Enzyme loading of electrically homogeneous human red blood cell ghosts prepared by dielectric breakdown.Biochim. Biophys. ACTA, 436: 460–474, 1976.
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UpdikeSt.J., WakamiyaR.T., and LightfootE.N.Jr.: Asparaginase entrapped in red blood cells: Action and Survival.Science, 193: 681–83, 1976.
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SchmerG., KruegerM., and ColeJ.J.: Gel-bound resealed red cell membranes: A new type of semi-artificial organ.Trans. Amer. Soc. Artif. Int. Organs, XXIII, 667–671, 1977.
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SchmerG., BisbroekJ., DennisM.B., and DetterJ.C.: Successful use of two new reactor types in sheep.Trans. Amer. Soc. Artif. Int. Organs, XXVI, 129–131, 1980.
7.
SchmerG., and RobertsJ.: Induction of hypothermia in mice by semi-artificial cells containing Indolyl-3-Alkane α-hydroxylase.Trans. Amer. Soc. Artif. Int. Organs, XXV, 39–43, 1979.
8.
SchmerG. (personal observation).
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IyengarL., RaoA.V.: Urease bound to chitin with glutaraldehyde.Biotechnol. Bioeng., 21: 1333–43, 1979.
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BollmeierJ.P., MiddlemanS.: Hydrolysis of urea by gelatine-immobilized urease: Separation of kinetic and diffusion phenomena in a model immobilized-enzyme reactor system.Biotechnol. Bioeng., 21: 2303–21, 1979.
11.
JefferiesS.R., LaPrestoP., BernathF.R.: L-as-paraginase bound to collagen membranes: effect of glutaraldehyde crosslinking on stabilization of catalytic activity.J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 12: 491–503, 1978.
12.
Arrio-DupontM., and CouletP.R.: Aspartate amino transferase immobilized on collagen films.Activity of dissociated sub-units. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 89: 354–52, 1979.
13.
LindnerA., ElliottM., and HolzerF.: Die Optimierung des Fibrinogen-Thrombin-Klebesystems.WR. Klin. WSCHR., 92, Suppl. 109, 1980.
14.
BraunF., KovacW., LindnerA., and SpanglerH.P.: Untersuchungen uber die Replantation autologer Vollhaut mit Hilfe von hochkonzentriertem Fibrinogen und Blutgerinnungs factor XIII.W.R. Klin. WSCHR., 14: 213–219, 1975.
15.
OkamotoH., TipayangP., and InadaY.: Fibrin membrane endowed with biological function.V. Multienzyme complex of uricase, catalase, allantoinase and allantoicase. Biochim. Biophys. ACTA, 611: 35–9, 1980.
16.
HovigT., JorgensenL., PackhamM.A., and MustardJ.F.: Platelet adherence to fibrin and collagen.J. Lab. Clin. Med., 71: 29, 1968.
17.
RobertsJ., HolcenbergJ.S., and DolowyW.C.: Isolation, crystallization and properties of achrombacter glutaminase-asparaginase with antitumor activity.J. Biol. Chem., 247: 84–90, 1972.
18.
SchmerG., and RobertsJ.: Purification of Indolyl-3-alkane α-hydroxylase by affinity chromatography on Indolyl-Agarose Columns.Biochim. Biophys. ACTA, 527: 264–271, 1978.
19.
QuintonW.E., DillardD.H., ColeJ.J., and ScribnerB.H.: Eight months’ experience with Silastic-Teflon cannulas.Trans. Amer. Soc. Artif. Int. Organs, VIII, 236, 1962.
20.
CooneyD.A., MilmanH.A., and TaylorB.Jr.: A radiometric method for the measurement of L-as-paraginase at concentrations below 1 x 10-5 IU/ml: Technique and Application.Biochimia i, Medicini, 15: 190–205, 1976.
21.
SchmerG. (unpublished results).
22.
SchmerG., TengL.N.L., ColeJ.J., VizzoJ.E., FranciscoM.M., and ScribnerB.H.: Successful use of a totally heparin grafted hemodialysis system in sheep.Trans. Amer. Soc. Artif. Int. Organs, XXII, 654–662, 1976.
23.
HydenH., GelinL.E., and SaarneA.: A new specific chemotherapy: A pilot study with extracorporeal chember.Rev. Surg., 31: 305, 1974.
24.
TapiaL.T., HydenH., WellnerD., CheighJ.S., StenzeK.H., and RubinA.L.: Extracorporeal treatment with membrane immobilized L-asparaginase in kidney transplantations.Trans. Am. Soc. Artif. Int. Organs, XXIII, 443–447, 1977.
25.
BrownR.S., NiewiarowskiS.T., StewartG.W.J., and MillmanMaxine: A double-isotope study on incorporation of platelets and red cells into fibrin.J. Lab. and Clin. Med., 90: 130–140, 1977.
26.
NiewiarowskiS.T., RegoecziE., StewartG.W.J., SenyiA.F., and MustardJ.F.: Platelet interaction with polymerizing fibrin.J. Clin. Invest., 51: 685–699, 1972.
