Abstract

Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Zhao
Y
Wang
EY
Lai
FB
, et al Organs-on-a-chip: a union of tissue engineering and microfabrication . Trends Biotechnol 2023 ; 41 (3 ): 410 –424 .
2.
Huh
D
Matthews
BD
Mammoto
A
, et al Reconstituting organ-level lung functions on a chip . Science 2010 ; 328 (5986 ): 1662 –1668 .
3.
Vunjak-Novakovic
G
Ronaldson-Bouchard
K
Radisic
M.
Organs on a chip models for biological research . Cell 2021 ; 184 (18 ): 4597 –4611 .
4.
Cho
S
Lee
S
Ahn
SI.
Design and engineering of organ-on-a-chip . Biomed Eng Lett 2023 ; 13 (2 ): 97 –109 .
5.
Markets
R
. GlobeNewswire news room. Organs-on-chips market landscape research 2025–2035: 1 out of 1,000 drug candidates proceed to clinical trials post preclinical testing, of these, 90% fail to enter the market . https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/03/25/3048573/28124/en/Organs-on-Chips-Market-Landscape-Research-2025-2035-1-Out-of-1-000-Drug-Candidates-Proceed-to-Clinical-Trials-Post-Preclinical-Testing-Of-these-90-Fail-to-Enter-the-Market.html (2025 , accessed 4 June 2025 .).
6.
Ma
C
Peng
Y
Li
H
, et al Organ-on-a-chip: a new paradigm for drug development . Trends Pharmacol Sci 2021 ; 42 (2 ): 119 –133 .
7.
Morrison
AI
Sjoerds
MJ
Vonk
LA
, et al In vitro immunity: an overview of immunocompetent organ-on-chip models . Front Immunol 2024 ; 15 : 1373186 .
8.
van Os
L
Yeoh
J
Witz
G
, et al Immune cell extravasation in an organ-on-chip to model lung inflammation . Eur J Pharm Sci 2023 ; 187 : 106485 .
