Sixteen years ago rabbit and human mesothelial cells were successsfully cultured and autoimplanted. The aim of the study was merely to demostrate that mesothelial implant was possible and interesting not only in peritoneal dialysis, but also in the vaster field of medicine and surgery concerning all the mesothelial districts of the body.
The aim of this paper is to recollect the steps which have led to autolougous mesothelial transplantation and verify if the tecnique has been validated and adopted by others.
Review of the literature published in the last 15 years shows that intraperitoneal transplantation of mesothelial cells has been effective in reducing the formation of peritoneal adhesions, and in remodeling the area of mesothelial denudation. New studies on the mesothelial cell opened the way to costruction of transplantable tissue-engineered artificial peritoneum, to the utilization of mesothelial progenitor cells and to find simple metods to collect autologous mesothelial cells.
Finally mesothelial trasnsplantation may represent a new neovascular therapy in the prevention and treatment of ischemic coronaric heart disease.
Di PaoloN., SacchiG.Atlas of peritoneal histology.Perit Dial Int2000; 20(suppl 3): S5–96.
2.
GotloibL., DigenisG.E., RabinovichS., MedlineA., OreopoulosD.G.Ultrastructure of normal rabbit mesentery.Nephron1983; 34: 248–55.
3.
SlaterN.J., RafteryA.T., CopeG.H.The ultrastructure of human abdominal mesothelium.J Anat1989; 167: 47–56.
4.
Di PaoloN., SacchiG.Anatomy and physiology of the peritoneal membrane.Contrib Nephrol1990; 84: 10–26.
5.
BaradiA.F., RaoS.N.A scanning electron microscope study of mouse peritoneal mesothelium.Tissue Cell1976; 8: 159–62.
6.
PfeifferC.J., PfeifferD.C., MisraH.P.Enteric serosal surface in the piglet. A scanning and transmission electron microscopic study of the mesothelium.J Submicrosc Cytol1987; 19: 237–46.
7.
OdorL.Observations of the rat mesothelium with dielectron and phase microscopes.Am J Anat1954; 95: 433–65.
8.
OhtaniY., OhtaniO., NakataniT.Microanatomy of the rat diaphragm: A scanning electron and confocal laser scanning microscopic study.Arch Histol Cytol1993; 56: 317–28.
9.
CarrI., ClarkeJ.A., SalsburyA.J.The surface structure of mouse peritoneal cells. A study with the scanning electron microscope.J Microsc1969; 89: 105–11.
10.
BarberiniF., CarpinoF., RendaT.. Observations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on the surface of mesothelial cells of different peritoneal areas of rat.Anat Anz1977; 142: 486–96.
11.
GaudioE., CasaleN., PannaraleN.. A scanning electron microscopy morphometric study of the rabbit peritoneal surface.Anat Rec1990; 228: 145–50.
12.
EttarhR.R., CarrK.E.Ultrastructural observation on the peritoneum in the mouse.J Anat1996; 188: 211–5.
MoogF.The lining of the small intestine.Sci Am1981; 2455: 116–25.
15.
Di PaoloN., SacchiG.Anatomy and physology of the peritoneal membrane.Contrib Nephrol1990; 84: 10–26.
16.
SasakiK.Abdominal peritoneum as a defense organ: Analysis of ICAM-1 expression in the LPS-stimulated rat.Clin Anat1999; 12: 20–6.
17.
WuY.J., ParkerL.M., BinderN.E.. The mesothelial keratins: A new family of cytoskeletal proteins identified in cultured mesothelial cells and non keratinizing epithelia.Cell1982; 31: 693–703.
18.
DobbieJ.W.New York: Field, Rich and Associates, 1986; 11–9.
19.
DobbieJ.W.Isolation and propagation in vitro of peritoneal mesothelial cells.Perit Dial Int1989; 9: 341–7.
20.
JunqueiraL.C., JoazeiroP.P., ToledoO.M.. A morphologic and histochemical study of the mesentery in the guinea pig.Acta Anat1987; 129: 214–9.
21.
Di PaoloN., GarosiG., PetriniG., MonaciG.Morphological and morphometric changes in mesothelial cells during peritoneal dialysis in the rabbit.Nephron1996; 74: 594–9.
22.
DobbieJ.W.Morphology of the peritoneum in CAPD.Blood Purif1989; 7: 74–85.
23.
FlessnerM.F.Osmotic barrier of the parietal peritoneum.Am Physiol1994; 267: F861–70.
24.
GotloibL., ShostakA., BarsellaP.. Heterogeneous density and ultrastructure of rabbit's peritoneal microvasculature.Int J Artif Organs1984; 7: 123–5.
25.
RippeB., CarlssonO.Role of transcellular water channels in peritoneal dialysis.Perit Dial Int1999; 19: S95–101.
26.
Di PaoloN.The peritoneal mesothelium: An excretory organ (Editorial).Perit Dial Int1889; 8: 181–3.
27.
HillsB.A., ButlerB.D., BurrowR.E.Role of surfactant in the lung and other organs.Crit Care Med1983; 11: 951–6.
28.
GrahameG.R., TorchiaM.G., DankewichK.A.. Surface-active material in peritoneal effluent of CAPD patients.Perit Dial Bull1985; 5: 109–14.
29.
Di PaoloN., BuoncristianiU., CapototondoL.Phosphatidylcholine and peritoneal transport during peritoneal dialysis.Nephron1986; 44: 365–70.
30.
Di PaoloN., PetriniG., GarosiG.. Total phospholipids and phospholipid fractions in dialysate of CAPD patients: bicarbonate versus lactate buffer.Perit Dial Int1995; 15(Suppl): S40.
31.
BreborowiczA., SombolosK., RodellaH.Mechanism of phosphatidylcholine action during peritoneal dialysis.Nephron1986; 44: 365–8.
32.
ShinoharaH.Lymphatic system of the mouse diaphragm: Morphology and function of the lymphatic sieve.Anat Rec1997; 249: 6–15.
33.
DobbieJ.W., PavlinaT., LloydJ., JohnsonR.C.Phosphatidylcholine synthesis by peritoneal mesothelium: Its implication for peritoneal dialysis.Am J Kidney Dis1988; 12: 31–6.
34.
Di PaoloN., GarosiG., BiagioliM.Effects of dialysis fluids on cultured mesothelial cells.Perit Dial Int1994; 14(suppl 3): S12–5.
35.
Di PaoloN., BuoncristianiU., CapotondoL.. Phosphatidylcholine and peritoneal transport during peritoneal dialysis.Nephron1986; 44: 365–70.
ChanP.C., TamS.C., RobinsonJ.D.Effect of phosphatidylcholine on ultrafiltration in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.Nephron1991; 59: 100–3.
38.
ChanH., AbrahamG., OreopoulosD.G.Oral lecithin improves ultrafiltration in patients on peritoneal dialysis.Perit Dial Int1989; 9: 203–5.
LekimD.On the pharmacokinetics of orally applied essential phospholipids. In: PeetersH., ed. Phosphatidylcholine.Berlin: Springer Verlag1976; 48.
41.
Di PaoloN., BuoncristianiU., GaggiottiE.. Improvement of impaired ultrafiltration after addition of phosphatidylcholine in patients on CAPD.Perit Dial Bull1986; 6: 44.
42.
De VecchiA., CastelnovoC., GuerraL.. Phosphati -dyicholine administration in CAPD patients with reduced ultrafiltration.Perit Dial Int1989; 9: 207–10.
43.
DobbieJ.W.From philisopher to fish: The comparative anatomy of the peritoneal cavity as an excretory organ and its significance for peritoneal dialysis in man.Perit Dial Int1988; 8: 3.
44.
Di PaoloN., SacchiG., BuoncristianiU.. The morphology of the peritoneal membrane during CAPD.Nephron1986; 44: 204–11.
45.
DobbieJ.W.Peritoneal ultrastructure and changes with CAPD.Perit Dial Int1993; 13(suppl 2): S585–7.
46.
DobbieJ.W., LloydJ.K., GallC.A.Categorization of ultrastructural changes in peritoneal mesothelium, stroma and blood vessel in uremia and CAPD patients.Adv Perit Dial1990; 6: 3–10.
47.
GotloibL., WajsbrotV., ShostakA.. Morphology of the peritoneum: Effect of peritoneal dialysis.Perit Dial Int1995; 15: S9–12.
48.
KredietR.T.The peritoneal membrane in chronic peritoneal dialysis.Kidney Int1999; 55: 341–5.
49.
Di PaoloN., GarosiG., PetriniG., TraversariL., RossiP.Peritoneal dialysis solution biocompatibility testing in animals.Perit Dial Int1995; 15(suppl 7): S61–9.
50.
GarosiG., Di PaoloN., MonaciG.. Peritoneal histological changes induced in rabbits by peritoneal dialysis solution containing aminoacids.Blood Purif1997; 15: 4–5.
GotloibL., BarsellaP., ShostakA.Reduplicated basal lamina of small venules and mesothelium of human parietal peritoneum.Perit Dial Bull1985; 5: 212–5.
53.
Di PaoloN., SacchiG.Peritoneal vascular changes in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD): An in vivo model for the study of diabetic microangiopathy.Perit Dial Int1989; 9: 41–5.
54.
Di PaoloN., SacchiG., GaggiottiE.. Does dialysis modify the peritoneal dialysis structure? In: GrecaLa, ed. Peritoneal dialysis.Milan, Italy: Wichtig Editore, 1988; 11–24.
55.
FinkelsteinF.O.Structural requirements for a successful chronic peritoneal dialysis program.Kidney Int Suppl2006; 103: S118–21.
56.
BoeschotenE.W., Ter WeeP.M., DivinoJ.Peritoneal dialysis-related infections recommendations 2005-an important tool for quality improvement.Nephrol Dial Transplant2006; 21(suppl 2): ii31–3.
57.
Whaley-ConnellA., PaveyB.S., SatalowichR.. Rates of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis at the University of Missouri.Adv Perit Dial2005; 21: 72–5.
58.
Perez FontanM., Rodriguez-CarmonaA., Garcia-NaveiroR., RosalesM., VillaverdeP., Valdes F Peritonitis-related mortality in patients undergoing chronic peritoneal dialysis.Perit Dial Int2005; 25: 274–84.
59.
Di PaoloN., GaggiottiE.Theoretical morphological approach to simple peritoneal sclerosis. Review.Int J Artif Organs2005; 28: 85–9.
60.
GarosiG., Di PaoloN.Morphological aspects of peritoneal sclerosis.J Nephrol2001; 14(suppl 4): S30–8.
61.
Di PaoloN., GarosiG., MonaciG., BrardiS.Biocompatibility of peritoneal dialysis treatment. Review.Nephrol Dial Transplant1997; 12(Suppl 1): S78–83.
62.
Di PaoloN., SacchiG., VanniL.. Implant of autologous mesothelial cells in animals and a peritoneal dialysis patient.Int J Artif Organs1989; 12: 485–501.
63.
Di PaoloN., VanniL., SacchiG.Autologous implant of peritoneal mesothelium in rabbits and man.Clin Nephrol1990; 34: 179–84.
64.
Di PaoloN., SacchiG., VanniL.. Autologous peritoneal mesothelial cell implant in rabbits and peritoneal dialysis patients.Nephron1991; 57: 323–31.
MutsaersS.E., WhitakerD., PapadimitriouJ.M.Changes in the concentration of the microvilli on the free surface of healing mesothelium are associated with alterations in surface membrane charge.J Pathol1996; 180: 333–9.
67.
HekkingL.H., HarveyV.S., HavenithC.E.. Mesothelial cell transplantation in models of acute inflammation and chronic peritoneal dialysis.Perit Dial Int2003; 23: 323–30.
ZareieM., FabbriniP., HekkingL.H.. Novel role for mast cells in omental tissue remodeling and cell recruitment in experimental peritoneal dialysis.J Am Soc Nephrol2006; 17: 3447–57.
70.
ZareieM., HekkingL.H., DriesprongB.A., ter WeeP.M., BeelenR.H., van den BornJ.Accumulation of omental mast cells during peritoneal dialysis.Perit Dial Int2001; 21(Suppl 3): S373–6.
71.
NagyJ.A., ShockleyT.R., MasseE.M., HarveyV.S., JackmanR.W.Mesothelial cell-mediated gene therapy: Feasibility of an ex vivo strategy.Gene Ther1995; 2: 393–401.
72.
NagyJ.A., ShockleyT.R., MasseE.M., HarveyV.S., HoffC.M., JackmanR.W.Systemic delivery of a recombinant protein by genetically modified mesothelial cells reseeded on the parietal peritoneal surface.Gene Ther1995; 2: 402–10.
73.
JackmanR.W., StapletonT.D., MasseE.M.. Enhancement of the functional repertoire of the rat parietal peritoneal mesothelium in vivo: directed expression of the anticoagulant and antiinflammatory molecule thrombomodulin.Hum Gene Ther1998; 9: 1069–81.
74.
HerrickS.E., MutsaersS.E., OzuaP.. Human peritoneal adhesions are highly cellular, innervated and vascularized.J Pathol2000; 192: 67–72.
75.
BertramP., TietzeL., HoopmannM., TreutnerK.H., MittermayerC., SchumpelickV.Intraperitoneal transplantation with isologous mesothelial cells for prevention of adhesions.Eur J Surg1999; 165: 705–9.
76.
Foley-ComerA.J., HerrickS.E., Al-MishlabT., PreleC.M., LaurentG.J., MutsaersS.E.Evidence for incorporation of free-floating mesothelial cells as a mechanism for serosal healing.J Cell Sci2002; 115: 1383–9.
77.
AsanoT., TakazawaR., YamatoM.. Transplantation of an autologous mesothelial cell sheet prepared from tunica vaginalis prevents post-operative adhesions in a canine model.Tissue Eng2006; 12: 2629–37.
78.
TakazawaR., YamatoM., KageyamaY., OkanoT., KiharaK.Mesothelial cell sheets cultured on fibrin gel prevent adhesion formation in an intestinal hernia model.Tissue Eng2005; 11: 618–25.
79.
LucasP.A., WarejckaD.J., ZhangL.M., NewmanW.H., YoungH.E.Effect of rat mesenchymal stem cells on development of abdominal adhesions after surgery.J Surg Res1996; 62: 229–32.
80.
KugaH., MorisakiT., NakamuraK.. Construction of a transplantable tissue-engineered artificial peritoneum.Eur Surg Res2004; 36: 323–30.
81.
LucasP.A., CalcuttA.F., SoutherlandS.S.. A population of cells resident within embryonic and newborn rat skeletal muscle is capable of differentiating into multiple mesodermal phenotypes.Wound Repair Regen1995; 3: 449–60.
82.
SchultzS.S., AbrahamS., LucasP.A.Stem cells isolated from adult rat muscle differentiate across all three dermal lineages.Wound Repair Regen2006; 14: 224–31.
83.
WeiH.J., ChenS.C., ChangY.. Porous acellular bovine pericardia seeded with mesenchymal stem cells as a patch to repair a myocardial defect in a syngeneic rat model.Biomaterials2006; 27: 5409–19.
84.
RafteryA.T.Regeneration of parietal and visceral peritoneum: An electron microscopic study.Br J Surg1973; 115: 375–92.
85.
HerrickS.E., MutsaersS.E.Mesothelial progenitor cells and their potential in tissue engineering.Int J Biochem Cell Biol2004; 36: 621–42.
86.
PerinE.Adult stem cells in perspective.Circulation2003; 107: 935–8.
87.
FadareO., BifulcoC., CarterD., ParkashV.Cartilaginous differentiation in peritoneal tissues: A report of two cases and a review of the literature.Modern Pathol2002; 15: 777–80.
88.
Di PaoloN., SacchiG., LorenzoniP., SansoniE., GaggiottiE.Ossification of the peritoneal membrane.Perit Dial Int2004; 24: 471–7.
89.
DobbieJ.W.Serositis: Comparative analysis of histological findings and pathogenetic mechanisms in non bacterial serosal inflammation.Perit Dial Int1993; 13: 256–69.
90.
YangA.H., ChenJ.Y., LinJ.K.Myofibroblastic conversion of mesothelial cells.Kidney Int2003; 63: 1530–9.
91.
Lopez-CabreraM., AguileraA., AroeiraL.S.. Ex vivo analysis of dialysis effluent-derived mesothelial cells as an approach to unveiling the mechanism of peritoneal membrane failure.Perit Dial Int2006; 26: 26–34.
92.
DonnaA., RibottaM., BettaP.G., LibenerR., BellingeriD.The in vitro hematopoietic capacity of the adult human mesothelial cell: A model of cell differentiation induced by the structure of the microenvironment.Ital J Anat Embryol1993; 98: 269–75.
93.
CampbellJ.H., EfendyJ.L., CampbellG.R.Novel vascular graft grown within recipient's own peritoneal cavity.Circ Res1999; 85: 1173–8.
94.
MoldovanN.I.Functional adaptation: The key to plasticity of cardiovascular “stem cells?”Stem Cells Dev2005; 14: 111–21.
GotloibL., WajsbrotV., ShostakA.Osmotic agents hamper mesothelial repopulation as seen in the doughnut in vivo model.Perit Dial Int2005; 25(suppl 3): S26–30.
97.
GotloibL., WajsbrotV., ShostakA., KhrizmanV.Repopulation of the mesothelial monolayer during long term experimental peritoneal dialysis. In: RoncoC., Dell'AquilaR., RodighieroM.P., eds. Contrib Nephrol.Basel: Karger2006; 150: 54–61.
98.
EllisH., HarrisonW., HughT.B.The healing of the peritoneum under normal and pathological conditions.Br J Surg1965; 52: 471–6.
99.
MutsaersS.E.Mesothelial cells: Their structure, function and role in serosal repair.Respirology2002; 7: 171–91.
100.
PardeeA.B.G1 events and regulation of cell proliferation.Science1989; 246: 603–8.
101.
MurrayA., HuntT.The cell cycle.New York: Oxford University Press, 1993; 1–41.
102.
MutsaersS.E., PreleC.M., BrodyA.R., IdellS.Pathogenesis of pleural fibrosis.Respirology2004; 9: 428–40.
103.
MutsaersS.E., McAnultyR.J., LaurentG.J., VersnelM.A., WhitakerD., PapadimitriouJ.M.Cytokine regulation of mesothelial cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo.Eur J Cell Biol1997; 72: 24–9.
104.
ElmadbouhI., ChenY., LouedecL.. Mesothelial cell transplantation in the infarct scar induces neovascularization and improves heart function.Cardiovasc Res2005; 68: 307–17.
105.
YoshidaT., ShengH.M., SawadaH.Use of abdominal wall with mesothelium as a substrate for reconstitution of urinary bladder wall: Replacement of the mesothelium by the urothelium and complete bladder wall reconstruction.Scand J Urol Nephrol2005; 39: 148–53.
