The hyperviscosity syndrome classified into pleiocytosic, sclerotic and sieric syndromes according to the blood components involved are characterized by a different degree of clinical signs and symptoms related to rheological modification of blood. Therapeutic management of these syndromes is complex and the choice of apheresis treatment is generally restricted to emergency episodes in order to overcome the acute phase and to reverse the symptoms until definitive therapy is effective.
ThurstonG.B.Viscoelasticity of human blood. Biophys J1972; 12: 1205–17.
2.
UndarA., VaughanW.K.Effects of mild hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass on blood viscoelasticity in coronary artery bypass grafting patients. J Artif Organs2002; 26: 964.
3.
MelnikovA.A., VikulovA.D., BagrakovaS.V.Relationships between von Willebrand factor and hemorheology in sportsmen. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc2003; 29: 19–24.
4.
ChienS., UsamiS., DellenbackR.J., GregersenM.I.Shear-dependent interaction of plasma proteins with erythrocytes in blood rheology. Am J Physiol1970; 219: 143–53.
5.
RamplingM.W.Red cell aggregation and yield stress. In: LoweG.D.O., ed. Clinical Blood Rheology.Boca Raton: CRC; 1988. p 45–64.
6.
McKayC.B., MeiselmanH.J.Osmolality-mediated Fahraeus and Fahraeus-Lindqvist effects for human RBC suspensions. Am J Physiol1988; 254: 238–49.
7.
LacanA., StoltzJ.F.Blood hyperviscosity syndromes. Classification and physiopathological understanding. Therapeutic-deductions. Ann Med Interne (Paris)1983; 134: 395–410.
8.
WellsR.E., MerrillE.W.Influence of flow properties of blood upon viscosity-hematocrit relationship. J Clin Invest1962; 41: 1591–8.
9.
SpivakJ.L.Polycythemia vera: Myths, mechanisms, and management. Blood2002; 100: 4272–90.
10.
KabothU., RumpfK.W., LierschT., VehmeyerK., KrieterD., KabothW.Advantages of isovolemic large-volume erythrocytapheresis as a rapidly effective and long-lasting treatment modality for red blood cell depletion in patients with polycythemia vera. Ther Apher1997; 1: 131–4.
11.
Valdovinos MahaveM.C., Salvador OsunaC., del AguaC., Lanau ArillaM.P., Vicente CamaraM.P.Respiratory distress syndrome due to hyperleukocytic-leukemias. An Med Interna1999; 16: 359–60.
12.
BaerM.R.Management of unusual presentations of acute leukemia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am1993; 7: 275–92.
13.
WilliamsJ.W., BeutlerE., ErslevA.J., LichtmanM.A., eds. In: Hematology.4th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 1990. p 1085–123.
14.
LitchmannM.A.Rheology of leukocytes, leukocyte suspensions, and blood in leukemia. J Clin Invest1973; 52: 350–8.
CampbellJ., MitchellC.A.Acute leg ischemia as a manifestation of the hyperleukocytosis syndrome in acute myeloid leukaemia. Am J Hematol1994; 46: 167.
18.
NelsonS.C., BruggersC.S., KurtzbergJ.Management of leukemic hyperleukocytosis with hydration, urinary alkalinization, and allopurinol. Are cranial irradiation and invasive cytoreduction necessary? Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol1993; 15: 351–5.
19.
BookchinR.M., LewV.L.Pathophysiology of sickle cell anemia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am1996; 10: 1241–53.
RiddeM.S., JacksonJ.L., SandersJ.W.Exchange transfusion as an adjunct therapy in severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria. A meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis2002; 34: 1192–8.
25.
DrewM.J.Plasmapheresis in the dysproteinemias. Ther Apher2002; 6: 45–52.
26.
WeinsteinR., MahmoodM.Case records of Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 6-2002. A 54-year-old woman with left, then right, central-retinal-vein occlusion. N Engl J Med2002; 346: 603–10.
ClarkW.F., RockG.A., BuskardN., ShumakK.H., LeBlondP., AndersonD., SuttonD.M.Therapeutic plasma exchange: An update from the Canadian Apheresis Group. Ann Intern Med1999; 131: 453–62.
32.
AvnstorpC., NielsenH., DrachmannO., HippeE.Plasmapheresis in hyperviscosity syndrome. Acta Med Scand1985; 217: 133–7.
MoistL., NesrallahG., KortasC., EspirtuE., OstbyeT., ClarkW.F.Plasma exchange in rapidly progressive renal failure due to multiple myeloma. A retrospective case series. Am J Nephrol1999; 19: 45–50.
35.
DominguezJ.E., ShaE.Apheresis in cryoglobulinemia complicating hepatitis C and in other renal diseases. Ther Apher Dial2002; 6: 69–76.
36.
SiamiG.A., SiamiF.S.Cryofiltration apheresis in the United States. Ther Apher1998; 2: 228–35.
37.
HausfaterP., CacoubP., AssogbaU., LebonP., PietteJ.C.Plasma exchange and interferon-alpha pharmacokinetics in patients with hepatitis C virus-associated systemic vasculitis. Nephron2002; 91: 627–30.
