Chlamydia Pneumoniae as Risk Factor of Cardiovascular Disease in Dialysis Patients

Farias M.A. , McClellan W. , Soucie J.M. , Mitch W.E. A prospective comparison of methods for determining if cardiovascular disease is a predictor of mortality in dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 1994; 23: 382–8.

Parfrey P.S. , Foley R.N. The clinical epidemiology of cardiac disease in chronic renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999; 10: 1606–15.

Locatelli F. , Del Vecchi L. , Manzoni C. Morbidity and mortality on maintenance haemodialysis. Nephrology 1998; 80: 380–400.

Longenecker J.C. , Coresh J. , Powe N.R. , Levey A.S. , Fink N.E. , Martin A. , Klag M.J. Traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors in dialysis patients compared with the general population: The CHOICE Study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002; 13: 1918–27.

Ross R. Atherosclerosis: An inflammatory disease. New Engl J Med 1999; 340: 115–26.

Danesh J. , Collins R. , Peto R. Chronic infections and coronary heart disease: Is there a link? Lancet 1997; 350: 430–6.

Sander D. , Winbeck K. , Klingerhofer J. , Etgen T. , Conrad B. Enhanced progression of early carotid atherosclerosis is related to Chlamydia pneumoniae (Taiwan acute respiratory) seropositivity. Circulation 2001; 103: 1390–5.

Lindholt J.S. , Hasting H. , Hemeberg E.W. , Ostergaard L. A review of Chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1999; 17: 283–9.

Sessa R. , Di Pietro M. , Santino I. , del Piano M. , Varveri A. , Dagianti A. , Penco M. Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and atherosclerosis coronary disease. Am Heart J 1999; 137: 1116–9.

Romano S. , Penco M. , Fratini S. , Di Pietro M. , Sessa R. , del Piano M. , Fedele F. , Dagianti A. Chlamydia pneumoniae infection is associated with coronary artery disease but not implicated in inducing plaque instability. Int J Cardiol 2004; 95: 95–9.

Romano S. , Fratini S. , Di Pietro M. , Schiavoni G. , Nicoletti M. , Chiarotti F. , del Piano M. , Penco M. , Sessa R. Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in patients with acute coronary syndrome: A clinical and serological 1-year follow-up. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2004; 17: 209–18.

Rassu M. , Cazzavillan S. , Scagnelli M. , Peron A. , Bevilacqua P.A. , Facco M. , Bertoloni G. , Lauro F.M. , Zambello R. , Bonoldi E. Demonstration of Chlamydia pneumoniae in atherosclerotic arteries from various vascular regions. Atherosclerosis 2001; 158: 73–9.

Sessa R. , Di Pietro M. , Schiavoni G. , Nicoletti M. , Soda G. , Nardoni S. , Bosco D. , Santino I. , Cipriani P. , del Piano M. Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae in atherosclerotic coronary arteries. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2004; 17: 301–6.

Stenvinkel P. , Heimbürger O. , Jogestrand T. , Karnell A. , Samuelsson A. Does persistent infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae increase the risk of atherosclerosis in chronic renal failure? Kidney Int 1999; 55: 2531–2.

Zoccali C. , Benedetto F.A. , Mallamaci F. , Tripepi G. , Fermo I. , Focà A. , Paroni R. , Malatino L.S. Inflammation is associated with carotid atherosclerosis dialysis. J Hypertens 2000; 18: 1207–13.

Haubitz M. , Brunkhorst R. C-reactive and chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection-long term-predictors for cardiovascular disease and survival in patients on peritoneal dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001; 16: 809–15.

Jun Oh , Wunsch R. , Turzer M. , Bahner M. Raggi P, Querfeld U, Mehls O, Schaefer F. Advanced coronary and carotid arteriopathy in young adults with childhood-onset chronic renal failure. Circulation 2002; 106: 100–5.

Bellomo G. , Lippi G. , Saronio P. , Reboldi G. , Verdura C. , Timio F. , Timio M. Inflammation, infection and cardiovascular events in chronic hemodialysis patients: A prospective study. J Nephrol 2003; 16: 245–51.

Wolf S.C. , Mayer O. , Jürgens S. , Vonthein R. , Schultze G. , Risler T. , Brehm B.R. Chlamydia pneumoniae IgA seropositivity is associated with increased risk for atherosclerotic vascular disease, myocardial infarction and stroke in dialysis patients. Clin Nephrol 2003; 59: 273–9.

Ridker P.M. , Cushman M. , Stampfer M.J. , Tracy R.P. , Hennekens C.H. Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. New Engl J Med 1997; 336: 973–9.

Zimmerman J. , Herrlinger S. , Pruy A. , Metzger T. , Wanner C. Inflammation enhances cardiovascular risk and mortality in haemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 1999; 55: 648–58.

Kato A. , Odamaki M. , Takita T. , Furuhashi M. , Maruyama Y. , Hishida A. C-reactive protein is a predictor of short-term mortality in haemodialysis patients. Am J Nephrol 2001; 21: 176–8.

de Filippi C. , Wasserman S. , Rosanio S. , Tiblier E. , Sperger H. , Tocchi M. , Christenson R. , Uretsky B. , Smiley M. , Gold J. , Muniz H. , Badalamenti J. , Herzog C. , Henrich W. cardiac troponint and C-reactive protein for predicting prognosis, coronary atherosclerosis, and cardiomyopathy in patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis. JAMA 2003; 290: 353–9.

Lonnemann G. , Haubitz M. , Scindler R. Haemodialysis-associated induction of cytokines. Blood Purif 1990; 8: 214–22.

Paniagua R. , Frias Y. , de Ventura M.J. , Rodriguez E. , Hurtado M.E. , Alcantara G. , Vazquez R. , Ortiz R. , Salcedo M. , Rios M.E. , Kaji J. , Amato D. C-reactive protein and anti-Chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies as risk factors of cardiovascular death in incident patients on peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 2003; 23: 132–7.

Zoccali C. , Benedetto F.A. , Focà A. , Tripepi G. , Malatino L. , Mallamaci F. , Liberto M.C. , Pollio A. , Parlongo S. , Cutrupi S. , Marino C. , Panuccio V. , Postorino M. , Candela V. , Labate C. , Tassone F. C-reactive protein and atherosclerosis in dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998; 13: 2710–11.

Kaukoranta-Tolvanen S.S.E. , Teppo A.M. , Laitinen K. , Saikku P. , Linnavuori K. , Leinonen M. Growth of Chlamydia pneumoniae in cultured human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and induction of a cytokine response. Microb Pathog 1996; 21: 215–21.

Tsirpanlis G. , Chatzipanagiotou S. , Ioannidis A. , Infanti K. , Bagos P. , Lagouranis A. , Poulopoulou C. The effect of viable Chlamydia pneumoniae on serum cytokines and adhesion molecules in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2003; 63(suppl): S72–5.

Kato A. , Odamaki M. , Takita T. , Maruyama Y. , Kumagai H. , Hishida A. Association between interleukin-6 and carotid atheroslerosis in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2002; 61: 1143–52.

Stenvinkel P. , Heimbürger O. , Jogestrand T. Elevated interleukin-6 predicts progressive carotid artery atherosclerosis in dialysis patients: Association with Chlamydia pneumoniae seropositivity. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 39: 274–82.

Schumacher A. , Seljeflot I. , Lerkerod A.B. , Sommervoll L. , Otterstad J.E. , Arnesen H. Positive Chlamydia pneumoniae serology is associated with elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha in patients with coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis 2002; 164: 153–60.

Dowell S.F. , Peeling R.W. , Boman J. , Carlone G.M. , Fields B.S. , Guarner J. , Hammerschlag M.R. , Jackson L.A. , Kuo C.C. , Maass M. , Messmer T.O. , Talkington D.F. , Tondella M.L. , Zaki S.R. Standardizing Chlamydia pneumoniae assays: Recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (USA) and the Laboratory Centre for Disease Control (Canada). Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33: 492–503.

Rassu M. , Lauro F.M. , Cazzavillan S. , Bonoldi E. , Belloni M. , Bettini M.C. , Pilotto A. , Mengoli C. , Peron A. , Zambello R. , Scagnelli M. , Bertoloni G. Detection of Chlamydophila pneumoniae DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of blood donors in the north-east of Italy. Med Microbiol Immunol 2001; 190: 139–44.

Sessa R. , Di Pietro M. , Schiavoni G. , Santino I. , Cipriani P. , Romano S. , Penco M. , del Piano M. Prevalence of Chlamydia pneumoniae in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in Italian patients with acute ischaemic heart disease. Atherosclerosis 2001; 159: 521–5.

Smieja M. , Mahony J. , Petrich A. , Boman J. , Chernesky M. Association of circulating Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA with cardiovascular disease: A systematic review. BMC Inf Dis 2002; 2: 21–30.

Sessa R. , Di Pietro M. , Schiavoni G. , Santino I. , Benedetti-Valentini F. , Perna R. , Romano S. , del Piano M. Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA in patients with symptomatic carotid atherosclerotic disease. J Vasc Surg 2003; 37: 1027–31.

Tsirpanlis G. , Chatzipanagiotou S. , Ioannidis A. , Mouftafis S. , Poulopoulou C. , Nicolau C. Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae in peripheral blood mononuclear cells: Correlation with inflammation and atherosclerosis in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003; 18: 918–23.

Iliescu E.A. , Fiebig M.F. , Morton A.R. , Sankar-Mistry P. Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int 2000; 20: 722–6.

Müller J. , Nyvad O. , Larsen N.A. , Løkkegaard N. , Pedersen R.S. , Sølling J. , Pedersen E.B. Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in dialysis patients, renal transplant recipients and healthy controls. Scand J Clin Lab Inv 2002; 62: 503–10.

Sessa R. , Schiavoni G. , Petrucca A. , Di Pietro M. , Fallucca S. , Zagaglia C. , Cipriani P. , Noval C.R. , del Piano M. Rapid Chlamydia pneumoniae quantification in clinical samples by LightCycler real-time PCR. Proceedings of the 5th Meeting of the European Society for Chlamydia Research. Budapest, Hungary, 2004; 91.