Biocompatibility relies essentially on surface phenomena, represented by cell-cell, cell-material and material (polymer)-protein interactions. An in vivo and in vitro experimental investigation was carried out on the biomaterials of two different classes with a good potential for in situ utilisation. Non-resorbable (Polypyrrole, Polyaniline, Polyimide) and resorbable (PLLA-PDXO-PLLA) materials for tissue engineering were studied for their overall tissue tolerance and cellular interactions. These non-resorbable polymers conceived for biosensor applications and implantable drug-delivery systems are intrinsically conductive. The PLLA-PDXO-PLLA triblock copolymer showed interesting tensile properties for bone and cartilage tissue engineering due to the presence of 1,5-dioxepan-2-one. In vitro and in vivo parallel studies showed an interesting correspondence: a) the cells in contact with the resorbable material that appeared to be capable of migratory-regenerative aspects in vitro exhibited good compatibility in vivo; whereas b) the non-resorbable materials, which are designed to remain in situ in vivo, were seen to have the potential to represent an adverse factor (inflammation, fibrotic reactions) that correlated with some aspects of cell behaviour in vitro.
KirkpatrickC.J.Endothelial cell cultures as a tool in biomaterial research. J Mater Sci Mater Med1999; 10: 589–91.
2.
FiniM., GiardinoR.In vitro and in vivo tests for the histological evaluation of candidate orthopaedic materials: benefit and limits. Journal of Applied Biomaterials and Biomechanics (in press).
3.
ZiatsN.P., MillerK.M., AndersonJ.M.In vitro and in vivo interactions of cells with biomaterials. Biomaterials1988; 9: 5–13.
4.
GentileF.T., DohertyE.J., ReinD.H., ShoichetM.S., WinnS.R.Polymer science for macroencapsulation of cells for central nervous system transplantation. React Polym1995; 25: 207–17.
5.
MikosA.G., McIntireL.V., AndersonJ.M., BabenseeJ.E.Host response to tissue engineered devices. Adv Drug Deliv Rev1998; 33: 111.
6.
FiniM., GiardinoR., BorsariV., TorricelliP., RimondiniL., GiavaresiG., Nicoli AldiniN.In vitro behaviour of osteoblast cultured on orthopaedic biomaterials with different surface roughness, uncoated and fluorohydroxyapatite-coated relative to the in vivo osteointegration rate. Int J Artif Organs2003; 26: 520–8.
7.
ZhangZ., RoyR., Dugre'F.J., TessierD., DaoL.H.In vitro biocompatibility study of electrically conductive polypyrrole-coated polyester fabrics. J Biomed Mater Res2001; 57: 63–71.
8.
CollierJ.H., CampJ.P., HudsonT.W., SchmidtC.E.Synthesis and characterization of polypyrrole-hyaluronic acid composite biomaterials for tissue engineering applications. J Biomed Mater Res2000; 50: 574–84.
9.
SchmidtC.E., ShastriV.R., VacantiJ.P., LangerR.Stimulation of neurite outgrowth using an electrically conducting polymer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA1997; 94: 8948–53.
10.
CuiX., WilerJ., DzamanM., AlttchulerR.A., MartinD.C.In vivo studies of polypyrrole/peptide coated neural probes. Biomaterials2003; 24: 777–87.
HorchK., NormannR.A., SchmidtS.Biocompatibility of silicon-based electrode arrays implanted in feline cortical tissue. J Biomed Mater Res1993; 27: 1393–9.
13.
WangC.H., DongY.Q., SengothiK., TanK.L., KangE.T.In vivo tissue response to polyaniline. Synth Met1999; 102: 1313–14.
14.
KamaleshS., TanP., WangJ., LeeT., KangE-T, WangC-H. Biocompatibility of electroactive polymers in tissues. J Biomed Mater Res2000; 52: 467–78.
15.
MaZ., GaoC., GongY., ShenJ.Chondrocyte behaviour on pole-L-lactic acid (PLLA) membranes containing hydroxyl, amide or caboxyl groups. Biomaterials2003; 24: 3725–30.
16.
MaZ.W., GaoC.Y., YuanJ., JiJ., GongY.H., ShenJ.C.Surface modification of poly-lactide by photografting of hydrophlic polymers towards improving its hydrophilicity. J Appl Poly Sci2002; 85: 2163–71.
17.
LuckeA., TeßmarJ., SchnellE., SchmeerG., GöpferichA.Biodegradable poly(D,L-lactic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol)-mono-methyl ether diblock copolymers: structures and surface properties relevant to their use as biomaterials. Biomaterials2000; 21: 2361–70.
18.
WanY., ChenW., YangJ., BelJ., WangS.Biodegradable poly(L-lactide)-poly(ethylene glycol) multiblock copolymer: synthesis and evaluation of cell affinity. Biomaterials2003; 24: 2195–203.
19.
RynerM., AlbertssonA.C.Resorbable and highly elastic block copolymers from 1-5 dioxepan-one and L-lactide with controlled tensile properties and hydrophilicity. Biomacromolecules2002; 3: 601–8.
20.
KitanoH.System biology: a brief overview. Science2002; 295: 1662–4.
HutcheonG.A., MessiouC., WyreR.M., DaviesM.C., DownesS.Water absorption and surface properties of novel poly(ethylmethacrylate) polymer systems for use in bone and cartilage repair. Biomaterials2001; 22: 667–76.
23.
WilliamsD.F.Tissue biomaterial interactions. J Mater Sci Mater Med1987; 22: 3421–35.
24.
BrunskiJ.B.In vivo bone response to biomechanical loading at the bone/dental-implant interface. Adv Dent Res1999; 13: 99–119.
RatnerB.D.Reducing capsular thickness and enhancing angiogenesis around implant drug release systems. J Control Rel2002; 78: 211–8.
27.
RihovaB.Biocompatibility of biomaterials: hemocompatibility, immunocompatibility and biocompatibility of solid polymeric materials and soluble targetable polymeric carriers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev1996; 21: 157–76.
28.
SalacinskiH.J., TaiN.R., CarsonR.J., EdwardsA., HamiltonG., SeifalianA.M.In vitro stability of a novel compliant poly(carbonate-urea)urethane to oxidative and hydrolytic stress. J Biomed Mater Res2002; 59: 207–18.
29.
WangM.L., HauschkaP.V., TuanR.S., SteinbeckM.J.Exposure to particles stimulates superoxide production by human THP-1 macrophages and avian HD-11 EM osteoclasts activated by tumour necrosis factor-alpha and PMA. J Arthroplasty2002; 17: 335–46.
30.
Brayda-BrunoM., FiniM., PieriniG., GiavaresiG., RoccaM., GiardinoR.Evaluation of systemic metal diffusion after spinal pedicular fixation with alloy and stainless steel system: a 36-month experimental study in sheep. Int J Artif Organs2001; 24: 41–9.
31.
LofgrenA., AlbertssonA.C., ZhangY., BjurstenL.M.Copolymers of I, 5-dioxepan-2-one and L- or D,L-dilactide: in vivo degradation behaviour. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed1994; 6: 411–23.
32.
FiniM., GianniniS., GiardinoR., GiavaresiG., grimaldiM., Nicoli AldiniN., OrientiL., RoccaM.Resorbable device for fracture fixation: in vivo degradation and mechanical behaviour. Int J Artif Organs1995; 18: 772–6.
33.
GiardinoR., FiniM., Nicoli AldiniN., GiavaresiG., RoccaM., MartiniL., ZaffeD., CanéV.A resorbable tubular chamber for the treatment of large diaphyseal bone defects. Experimental study rabbits. Int J Artif Organs1998; 21: 473–82.
