A survey of all amateur boxing matches in Denmark was made during a 3 year period. Data was gathered on means by which bouts were ended by the referee or attending physician, such as knock outs or blows to the head. A total of 5272 matches were fought: 3240 were senior matches (over age 19) and 2032 were junior matches (ages 17 to 19). Prophylactic interven tion—unlimited length of hand bandage, voluntary use of boxing helmets, and heavier gloves for boxers > 149 pounds-did not affect the frequency of matches being stopped because of knock outs or blows to the head.
Casson IR, Siegel O., Sham R., et al Brain damage in modern boxers JAMA251: 2663-2667, 1984
3.
Ekstrand J. Soccer injuries and their prevention Thesis, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden, 1982
4.
Guterman A., Smith RW: Neurological sequelae of boxing. Sports Med4194-210, 1987
5.
Kaste M., Vilkki I., Sainio K., et al: Is chronic brain damage in boxing a hazard of the past? Lancet2: 1186-1188, 1982
6.
Lampert PW, Hardman JM: Morphological changes in brains of boxers JAMA251: 2676-2679, 1984
7.
Ludwig R.: Making boxing safer: The Swedish model (commentary) JAMA255: 2482, 1986
8.
Ludwig R. Att slå ett slag for boxningen Idrottsmedicin18, 1983
9.
Lundberg GD: Boxing should be banned in civilized countries (editorial) JAMA249: 250, 1983
10.
Morrison RG : Medical and public health aspects of boxing JAMA255. 2475-2480,1986
11.
Ross RJ, Cole M., Thompson JS, et al: Boxers-computed tomography, EEG, and neurological evaluation JAMA249. 211-213, 1983
12.
Thomassen A. , Juul-Jensen P., de Fine Olivanus B., et al Neurological, electroencephalographic and neuropsychological examination of 53 former amateur boxers Acta Neurol Scand60: 352-362, 1979
13.
Van Allen MW The deadly degrading sport (editorial). JAMA249. 250-251,1983
