Background: Left-handed individuals make up about 10% of the general population, yet left-handers comprise approximately 30% of the pitching staffs in Major League and Division I college baseball. Despite speculation regarding differences between right- and left-handed pitchers, distinction between right- and left-handed pitching mechanics has not been documented in the literature at any level of play.
Hypothesis: Left-hand–dominant pitchers display similar pitching mechanics and upper extremity joint loads when compared to their right-hand–dominant counterparts.
Study Design: Controlled laboratory study.
Methods: Three-dimensional, high-speed (240-Hz) video data were collected on fastballs from 84 collegiate baseball pitchers. Kinematic parameters related to pitching mechanics and resultant kinetics on the throwing shoulder and elbow were calculated. The 28 left-handed pitchers in the database were matched with 28 right-handed pitchers for age, height, mass, and ball velocity, and paired t tests were used to compare the kinematic and kinetic parameters.
Results: Six parameters were found to have statistically significant differences between left- and right-handed pitchers. Passive nonthrowing shoulder external rotation (right, 113° ± 9°; left, 124° ± 8°), elbow flexion at stride-foot contact (right, 79° ± 16°; left, 94° ± 20°), and shoulder abduction during acceleration (right, 72° ± 11°; left, 105° ± 8°) were greater in left-handed pitchers than right-handed pitchers. Shoulder abduction at stride-foot contact (right, 115° ± 13°; left, 73° ± 10°), shoulder horizontal abduction at stride-foot contact (right, 25° ± 12°; left, 15° ± 12°), and peak horizontal adduction angular velocity (right, 707 ± 185 deg/s; left, 551 ± 160 deg/s) were less for the left-handed pitchers.
Conclusion: Biomechanical differences between left- and right-handed pitchers have been demonstrated in a collegiate population.
Clinical Relevance: The results of the current study indicate that left-handed pitchers may be at increased risk for certain shoulder injuries compared with their right-handed counterparts. Information has been provided for athletes, coaches, and sports medicine providers to further improve preventive and rehabilitative protocols for college pitchers. The results of the study also suggest that different normative data sets may need to be developed for left- and right-handed pitchers, independently of one another.
BarnesCJVan SteynSJFischerRA. The effects of age, sex, and shoulder dominance on range of motion of the shoulder. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2001;10(3):242-246.
2.
BorsaPADoverGCWilkKEReinoldMM. Glenohumeral range of motion and stiffness in professional baseball pitchers. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006;38(1):21-26.
3.
BrownLPNiehuesSLHarrahAYavorskyPHirshmanHP. Upper extremity range of motion and isokinetic strength of the internal and external shoulder rotators in major league baseball players. Am J Sports Med. 1988;16(6):577-585.
4.
CrockettHCGrossLBWilkKE. Osseous adaptation and range of motion at the glenohumeral joint in professional baseball pitchers. Am J Sports Med. 2002;30(1):20-26.
5.
EllenbeckerTSRoetertEPBailieDSDaviesGJBrownSW. Glenohumeral joint total rotation range of motion in elite tennis players and baseball pitchers. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;34(12):2052-2056.
6.
FeltnerME. Three-dimensional interactions in a two-segment kinetic chain, part II: application to the throwing arm in baseball pitching. Int J Sport Biomech. 1989;5:420-450.
7.
FeltnerMEDapenaJJ. Dynamics of the shoulder and elbow joints of the throwing arm during a baseball pitch. Int J Sport Biomech. 1986;2:235-259.
8.
FleisigGSAndrewsJRDillmanCJEscamillaRF. Kinetics of baseball pitching with implications about injury mechanisms. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23(2):233-239.
9.
FleisigGSBarrentineSWZhengNEscamillaRFAndrewsJR. Kinematic and kinetic comparison of baseball pitching among various levels of development. J Biomech. 1999;32(12):1371-1375.
10.
KumarVPSatkuSK. Documenting rotation at the glenohumeral joint: a technical note. Acta Orthop Scand. 1994;65(4):483-484.
11.
MeisterKDayTHorodyskiMKaminskiTWWasikMPTillmanS. Rotational motion changes in the glenohumeral joint of the adolescent/Little League baseball player. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33(5):693-698.
12.
ReaganKMMeisterKHorodyskiMBWernerDWCarruthersCWilkK. Humeral retroversion and its relationship to glenohumeral rotation in the shoulder of college baseball players. Am J Sports Med. 2002;30(3):354-360.
13.
SabickMBTorryMRKimYKHawkinsRJ. Humeral torque in professional baseball pitchers. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32(4):892-898.
14.
WernerSLGillTJMurrayTACookTDHawkinsRJ. Relationships between throwing mechanics and shoulder distraction in professional baseball pitchers. Am J Sports Med. 2001;29(3):354-358.
15.
WernerSLGuidoJAJrStewartGWMcNeiceRPVanDykeTJonesDG. Relationships between throwing mechanics and shoulder distraction in collegiate baseball pitchers. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2007;16(1):37-42.
16.
WernerSLSuriMGuidoJAJrMeisterKJonesDG. Relationships between ball velocity and throwing mechanics in collegiate baseball pitchers. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2008;17(6):905-908.
