This is by no means an exhaustive list, but see for example, Peter N. Stearns, Growing Up: The History of Childhood in a Global Context (Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2005); Paula Fass, Children of a New World: Society, Culture, and Globalization (New York: New York University Press, 2006); Kathryn M. Anderson-Levitt, "The Schoolyard Gate: Schooling and Childhood in Global Perspective," Journal of Social History 38, no. 4 (2005): 987-1006.
2.
Some of the work in this area includes, Beverly C. Grier, Invisible Hands: Child Labor and the State in Colonial Zimbabwe (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2006); Audra A. Diptee, "African Children in the British Slave Trade during the Late Eighteenth Century," Slavery & Abolition 27, no. 2 (2006): 183-96; Paul Lovejoy, "The Children of Slavery-The Transatlantic Phase," Slavery & Abolition 27, no. 2 (2006): 197-217; Neil Price, "The Changing Value of Children Among the Kikuyu of Central Province, Kenya," Africa 66, no. 3 (1996): 411-36; Alma Gottlieb, The Afterlife is Where We Come From: The Culture of Infancy in West Africa (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2004). For works that deal with the language of childhood and its use in colonial policy, see Lisa McNee, "The Languages of Childhood: The Distinctive Construction of Childhood and Colonial Policy in French West Africa," African Studies Quarterly 7, no. 4 (2004); William Cohen, "The Colonized as Child: British and French Colonial Rule," African Historical Studies 3, no. 2 (1970).
3.
Philippe Ariès, L’enfant et la vie familiale: sous l’ancien régime (Paris: Librairie Plon, 1960), 23. According to MacLehose, critics of Ariès have ignored the "subtleties of his argument" about the concept of childhood being developed the early modern period. As MacLehose sees it, critics have tended to use reductive reasoning on a complex thesis. By 1973, apparently even Ariès had rethought some of his earlier interpretations. In the revised introduction of the new edition, he admitted that his work was imperfect and that he overstated some of his arguments. See the introduction of William F. MacLehose, "A Tender Age": Cultural Anxieties over the Child in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries (New York: Columbia University Press, 2008).
4.
Linda Pollock, Forgotten Children: Parent-Child Relations from 1500 to 1900 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1983). For another critique of Ariès, see Adrian Wilson, "Infancy of the History of Childhood: An Appraisal of Philippe Ariès," History and Theory 19 (1980): 132-53.
5.
Hugh Cunningham, The Children of the Poor: Representations of Childhood Since the Seventeenth Century (Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1991), 3.
6.
Allison James and Adrian L.James, ConstructingChildhood: Theory, Policy, and Social Practice (New York : Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), 13. For an interesting critique of new theories on childhood see, Patrick Ryan, "How New is the ‘New’ Social Study of Childhood? The Myth of a Paradigm Shift," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 38, no. 4(2008): 553-76.
7.
James and James, Constructing Childhood, 7-8.
8.
Grier, Invisible Hands , 8.
9.
Enid Schildkrout, "The Employment of Children in Kano," in Child Work, Poverty, and Underdevelopment, edited by G. Rogers and G. Standing (Geneva: International Labour Organisation, 1981), 81-112. For another interesting article in the same collection, see also, Manga Bekombo, "The Child in Africa."
10.
Brett L. Shadle , "Girl Cases": Marriage and Colonialism in Gusiiland (Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2005), xxi, 8, 22.
