Based largely on a study of two collections of private papers housed at Petworth House and Hagley Hall (United Kingdom), this article analyzes the domestic politics within an early twentieth-century South African household. It explores the apparent motives behind the creation by Hugh and Maud Wyndham of an ostentatious, gentrified lifestyle in urban Johannesburg, where their home soon became a cocoon of Britishness in an increasingly uncomfortable part of the empire. It reveals the often difficult relationships between them and their servants and among the servants themselves; from hiring and firing, to the servant hierarchy and their different duties, to the rapid and enduring impact of the First World War. Yet, as many servants realized, service in “a good house” held certain compensations and equipped some for transition to their own domestic life.
Lord Chandos
, The Memoirs of Lord Chandos (
London
, 1962), 28.
2.
A.F. Cox
, “
Present Perplexities. The Servant Question,” The ChurchChronicleXVII(1), January 8, 1920.
3.
David Cannadine
, Ornamentalism: How the British saw their Empire (
London
, 2002), xvii—xix;
Edward Royle
, Modern Britain: A Social History, 1750-1985 (
London
, 1987 ), 227—8.
4.
This is less the case in the United Kingdom and the United States. See for example:
Jean Rennie
, Every Other Sunday (
New York
, 1955);
Frank Dawes
, Not In Front of the Servants: Domestic Service in England 1850-1939 (
London
, 1973);
Rosina Harrington
, Rose: My Life in Service (
New York
, 1975);
Pamela Horn
, The Rise and Fall of the Victorian Servant (
New York
, 1975);
Frank Huggett
, Life Below Stairs: Domestic Servant in England from Victorian Times (
New York
, 1977);
Margaret Powell
, Servant's Hall (
London
, 1979);
Eileen Balderson
, Backstairs Life in a Country House (
Oxford
, 1982);
Hannah Cullwick
, The Diaries of Hannah Cullwick, Victorian Maidservant (
London
, 1984);
Merlin Waterson
, The Servant's Hall: The Domestic History of a Country House (
London
, 1990);
Bridget Hill
, Servants: English Domestics in the Eighteenth Century (
Oxford
, 1996);
E.S. Turner
, What the Butler Saw: 250 Years of the Servant Problem (
London
, 2001).
5.
Charles van Onselen
, New Babylon New Nineveh: Everyday Life on the Witwatersrand 1886-1914 (
Johannesburg
and
Cape Town
, 2001), 205—207.
6.
Feetham to his Mother, March 19, 1914,
Rhodes House, Oxford
:
Feetham Papers
, Box 3, file 2; Woman's Enfranchisement Bill (6 of 1914); Bill to Regulate the wages of women and young persons (15 of 1917),
University of Cape Town Libraries
(UCT): BC 294
Duncan
Papers, A37.1.
7.
Their nearest relationship was fourth cousins once removed. Both were descended from Sir William Wyndham (1688—1740): Hugh in the direct male line; Maud (from Sir William Wyndham's daughter, Elizabeth) through the Grenville, Neville, and Glynne families.
8.
Her father,
Charles Lyttelton
(1842—1922), succeeded his father as 6th Lord Lyttelton in 1876 and the last Duke of Buckingham and Chandos, as 8th Viscount Cobham in 1889. Maud's mother, a Cavendish, was a daughter of the 2nd Lord Chesham and a cousin of the Duke of
Devonshire. S. Fletcher
, Victorian Girls: Lord Lyttelton's Daughters (
London
, 2004), 2, 212—3, 254—7.
9.
See, for example,
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield
, April 16, 1912, June 8, 1912 and March 16, 1914,
WSRO
:
PHA
. Also “
Hugh I know tells you all ab[ou]t politics & I feel to've said my say for years ab[ou]t house & garden & people
.” Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, October 4, 1915,
WSRO
:
PHA
.
10.
Maud to Lady Leconfield, June 22, 1918, October 1, 1918 and October 20, 1918, WSRO: PHA.
11.
She so enjoyed mail letters that she re-indulged in old correspondence and used them to compile a war memoir. See for example, “
Failing mail letters I've been re-reading lots of old ones of years back & they are very amusing some
.” Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield , August 12, 1917,
WSRO
:
PHA
. And also
Lady Cobham to Maud Wyndham
, November 29, 1918 (CFGM 1/17/11/1) and December 7, 1918 (CFGM 1/17/11/2),
University of Birmingham Libraries
(UBL): Masterman Papers.
12.
Lord Chandos
, From Peace to War: A Study in Contrast, 1857-1918 (
London
, 1968), 55.
13.
Edward Royle
, Modern Britain: A Social History, 1750-1985 (
London
, 1987), 227—8. See also
Lawrence Stone
and
Jeanne C. Fawtier Stone
, An Open Elite? England 1540-1880 (
Oxford
, 1986), chapter 9.
14.
J.W. Mackail
and
Guy Wyndham
,
Life and Letters of George Wyndham
, vol. 1 (
London
, n.d.),
11
;
P. Blackwell
, “
`An Undoubted Jewell': A Case Study of Five Sussex Country Houses, 1880-1914
,” Southern History3 (1981):
183—200
.
15.
“ Notes made by Lord Cobham for the guidance of his executors,” 1—37, Worcestershire Record Office: BA 5467 Lyttelton papers, parcel 18. See also
Lord Chandos
, Memoirs, xiii;
Lord Chandos
, From Peace to War, 19.
16.
Maud Lyttelton to Lord Cobham, October 5, 1902, HHA 2/31/37. Holkham Hall is the seat of the Coke family, Earls of Leicester. Maud's aunt, Georgina, was the second wife of Thomas Coke (1822—1909), 2nd Earl of Leicester.
17.
Lord Egremont
, Wyndham and Children First (
London
, 1969), 65.
18.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Cobham, July 27, 1913, HHA 2/36/10.
19.
David Cannadine
, Ornamentalism, 27—9;
David Cannadine
, The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy (
London
and
Basingstoke
, 1996), 429 passim.
20.
Jack Lyttelton to Maud Lyttelton, July 24, 1905, HHA 2/21/27 and January 21, 1907, HHA 2/23/2.
21.
Her brother,
Jack Lyttelton
, was
Lord Selborne's private secretary and her uncles included General Sir Neville Lyttelton (general officer commanding SA military command, 1902—1904) and Alfred Lyttelton (colonial secretary 1903—1905)
.
George Wyndham
(under secretary for war and later chief secretary for Ireland),
Robert Brand
(a kindergartener),
Neville Talbot
(bishop of Pretoria), Sir
Arthur Lawley
(lieutenant governor of the
Transvaal
, 1902— 1905),
Herbert Gladstone
(South Africa's first governor general, 1910—1914), and
Neil Primrose
(under secretary for foreign affairs, 1915) were their cousins.
Kindergarteners John Buchan
,
Lionel Hichens
and
Geoffrey Robinson
all later married into this network. See
I. van der Waag
, “
Hugh Archibald Wyndham (1877—1963): His ancestry and family connections
,” Historia47(1) (2002).
22.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, April 2, 1916, WSRO: PHA.
23.
Hugh Wyndham to Mary Maxse, November 15, 1901, WSRO: Maxse Papers 50.
24.
Hugh Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, September 8, 1905 and July 21, 1906, WSRO: PHA.
25.
Lord Cobham to Maud Lyttelton, February 8, 1901, HHA 5/2/7; Lady Cobham to Maud Lyttelton, January 26, 1902, HHA 2/31/73; “Wags” (Miss Braginton) to Maud Lyttelton, February 6, 1907, HHA 2/23/6, February 12, 1907, HHA 2/23/7, March 17, 1907, HHA 2/23/14. 26. Hugh Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, October 24, 1910, WSRO: PHA.
26.
“
The Houseboy
,” South African Woman1(6) ( 1920):
1
;
John Tosh
,
A Man's Place: Masculinity and the Middle-Class Home in Victorian England
(
New Haven
, 1999), 2,
24
.
27.
David Roberts
, “The Paterfamilias of the Victorian Governing Classes,” in The Victorian Family, ed.
Anthony S. Wohl
(
London
, 1978), 59—62.
28.
This remoteness of the father figure also comes through in the autobiography of Wyndham's nephew. See Lord Egremont, Wyndham and Children First, 15 (“To all of us as children my father was kind but distant.”).
29.
I. van der Waag
, “
Hugh Wyndham, Transvaal Politics and the Attempt to Create an English Country Seat in South Africa, 1901-14
,” Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History31(2) (2003):
136—57
. The Dale Laces had a farm, Boschkop, in modern-day Randpark; while the Albus had a country estate in Rietfontein (now Fourways).
L. Davie
, “
Flamboyant José leaves her mark upon the ridge
” [www.joburg.org.za/feb_2002/north-wards.stm ] accessed December 8, 2003.
30.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, January 10, 1913, WSRO: PHA. “I wonder what house Edward & Gladys will get in the end. I'm glad they disposed of No 14. It wasn't worthy & compared to Maud Yorke's or Bertha Egerton's a doghole rather.”
31.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Cobham, July 25, 1914, HHA 2/36/43. Maud's mother reported that her brother, Jack Lyttelton, who visited in 1913, “raves of your house & the incomparable view from his bedroom.” Lady Cobham to Maud Wyndham, January 15, 1914, HHA 5/12/16.
32.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, c. February 1913, WSRO: PHA; and Ibid., July 23, 1914, HHA 2/36/41, and July 25, 1914, HHA 2/36/43.
33.
Ibid., July 7, 1914, HHA 2/36/38. See also Ibid., July 8, 1914, HHA 2/36/39.
34.
Ibid., May 5, 1912, HHA 2/34/33.
35.
Ibid., January 27, 1912 and February 21, 1912, WSRO: PHA.
36.
Ibid., April 25, 1912 and November 11, 1915, WSRO: PHA.
37.
Ibid., c. February 1913, WSRO: PHA.
38.
Lord Egremont
, Wyndham and Children First, 13—14.
Hugh Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, November 1, 1909, WSRO: PHA.
41.
Ibid., November 15, 1909 and December 11, 1909, WSRO: PHA.
42.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, December 12, 1909, WSRO: PHA.
43.
Charles van Onselen
, New Babylon New Nineveh, 232.
44.
Eva Boydell to Thomas Boydell, November 2 and November 4, 1918, National Archives of South Africa, Pretoria (NASAP): Thomas Boydell Collection (A.75), vol. 1.
45.
Royle, Modern Britain, 91—92, 223, 281.
46.
“I have run the advertison: her name is Elizabeth Emmerton. There is nothing in her antecedents worthy of recommendation: she has only held places for a few months at a time and seemingly no good places.” F.A. Maxse to Lady Caroline Maxse, June 19, 1875,
Bodleian Library, Oxford
:
Violet Milner Papers
, Box 15, C1/6.
47.
Hugh Wyndham to Mary Maxse, May 17, 1902, WSRO: Maxse Papers 50; and Maud Wyndham to Lady Cobham, January 28, 1914, HHA 2/36/30.
48.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, February 26, 1916, WSRO: PHA.
49.
Ibid., December 8, 1915, WSRO: PHA.
50.
Ibid., April 30, 1909, WSRO: PHA.
51.
Charles van Onselen
,
New Babylon, New Nineveh
, 32,
217—8
,
243
;
Alfred Lyttelton to Selborne
, October 18, 1905,
NASAP
:
GOV80,
f.645
(Domestic servants, etc. sailing per SS Gaul Oct 19, 1905—
South African Colonization Society
).
52.
Hugh Wyndham to Mary Maxse, June 21, 1902, WSRO: Maxse Papers 50.
53.
Lady Cobham to Maud Wyndham, May 9, 1912, HHA 2/34/34.
54.
Charles van Onselen
, New Babylon, New Nineveh, 215; Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, April 30, 1909,
WSRO
:
PHA
.
55.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, March 4, 1912, WSRO: PHA.
56.
Ibid., November 10, 1917, WSRO: PHA.
57.
Hugh Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, April 24, 1912, WSRO: PHA.
58.
Ibid., May 12, 1906, WSRO: PHA.
59.
Ibid., September 22, 1906, WSRO: PHA. (Emphasis is Hugh Wyndham's).
60.
Lister to Wyndham, August 31, 1903; handwritten note by Wyndham, September 30, 1903, NASAP: ZTPD 5/634, f.73/1907; Robert Ruxton to Secretary for Lands, December 2, 1904, NASAP: PWD 272, file 6718/04; Hugh Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, September 22, 1906, WSRO: PHA.
61.
Lady Leconfield to Maud Wyndham, June 14, 1912, HHA 2/34/45.
62.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, July 8, 1912, WSRO: PHA.
63.
Ibid., April 30, 1909, WSRO: PHA.
64.
Lady Cobham captures the essence of the butler at Hagley and his duties in a delightful letter to her daughter in South Africa. The new butler at Hagley, Charville, was “very like the comical little tubby clergyman (Mr Tibbetts) at Frankley (but far more stately & gentlemanlike!) so now he is called Tibbetts.” He was an improvement on Harris, his predecessor, folding “the newspapers when scattered & somehow they are always at hand & on one table: he valets far better & doesn't forget or hide things, but he isn't a clockmaker, like Harris, so many clocks have given up going, but the footmen are already much more brightened up & in hand.” See Lady Cobham to Maud Wyndham, May 9, 1912, HHA 2/34/34.
65.
Jack Lyttelton to Maud Lyttelton, September 4, 1905, HHA 2/21/31.
66.
Lord Egremont
, Wyndham and Children First, 65—6.
67.
Maud Wyndham to Lord Cobham, May 5, 1912, HHA 2/34/33; Ibid., May 29, 1912, WSRO: PHA.
68.
Ibid., June 29, 1912, WSRO: PHA.
69.
Ibid., April 13, 1916, WSRO: PHA.
70.
“Can I come and help you at all about trouble in your establishment? I would come if you desired it—on Wednesday or perhaps Thursday. I may be useful.—I am quite aware that Shaw has become an incubus: he saves you trouble in many ways but he gives it in other forms: he does nothing but `command'—but the command is clearly obnoxious.—Nevertheless he so thoroughly understands & studies all your wishes and ways that I fear you would feel his loss.—There is a balance of considerations on the subject.” F.A. Maxse to Lady Caroline Maxse, August 21, 1875, Bodleian Library, Oxford: Violet Milner Papers, Box 15, C1/7.
71.
Pamela Horn
, The Rise and Fall of the Victorian Servant, 54.
72.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, February 26, 1909, WSRO: PHA.—“The present cook is a very nice woman & the bills have gone down appreciatively. I believe Booker has gone to Mrs Schumacher who is sure to keep an eye on her.”
73.
Hugh Wyndham to Mary Maxse, November 15, 1901, WSRO: Maxse Papers 50.
74.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, undated [c. August 1912], WSRO: PHA.
75.
In 1905, a housemaid in Johannesburg might earn between £4 and £5, a wage a `houseboy' could reasonably expect the same in 1906. Charles van Onselen, New Babylon, New Nineveh, 215—6.
76.
“
The Houseboy
,” South African Woman1(6) ( 1920):
1
.
77.
Hugh Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, November 17, 1912, WSRO: PHA; and Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, November 17, 1912, WSRO: PHA.
78.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, November 11, 1915, WSRO: PHA.
79.
Ibid., June 8, 1912, WSRO: PHA.
80.
Ibid., April 7, 1912, WSRO: PHA.
81.
Geoffrey Robinson
, the editor of the Star, wrote an article “
on the vexed question of training up a race of K——r housemaids
.” Diary, December 10, 1908,
Bodleian Library: MS Dawson14
.
82.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, June 29, 1912, WSRO: PHA.
83.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Cobham, January 28, 1914, HHA 2/36/30.
84.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, February 26, 1916, WSRO: PHA
85.
Ibid., July 21, 1917, WSRO: PHA.
86.
Ibid., February/March 27, 1912, WSRO: PHA.
87.
Ibid., February 12 and February 17, 1913, WSRO: PHA.
88.
Ibid., February 3, 1914, WSRO: PHA.
89.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Cobham, January 28, 1914, HHA 2/36/30.
90.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, August 1, 1912, WSRO: PHA.
91.
Ibid., July 8, 1914, WSRO: PHA.
92.
Hugh Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, June 20, 1910, WSRO: PHA.
93.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, February 4, 1912, WSRO: PHA.
94.
Lord Chandos
, Memoirs, 28.
95.
Maud Lyttelton to her cousin `Ish,' August 30, 1901. HHA 5/2/57.
96.
Miss Braginton (`Wags') to Maud Lyttelton, undated (December 1907). HHA 2/23/29.
97.
`Wags' (Miss Braginton) to Maud Lyttelton, undated (c. December 1907), HHA 2/23/29.
98.
`Wags' (Miss Braginton) to Maud Lyttelton, undated (c. December 1907), HHA 2/23/29.
99.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Cobham, July 20, 1920, HHA 2/4/3; and Miss Braginton to Maud Wyndham, May 24, 1926, HHA 5/5/43.
100.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, January 30, 1912, WSRO: PHA; Maud Wyndham to Lord Cobham, February 11, 1914, HHA 2/36/31, and Ibid., June 30, 1914, HHA 2/36/37.
101.
Maud Wyndham to Lord Cobham, February 19, 1912, HHA 2/34/13. See also Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, September 15, 1912, WSRO: PHA—“We are now quiet & alone again—Wags & I—as Hugh has gone to Swaziland for a week.”
102.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Cobham, December 18, 1913, HHA 2/36/25.
103.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, September 9, 1912, WSRO: PHA.
104.
Lady Cobham to Maud Wyndham, March 6, 1914, HHA 5/12/18, and October 27 [1916], HHA 2/33/24.
105.
Frances Guest to Maud Wyndham, May 29 [1914], HHA 5/12/48.
106.
George Lyttelton to Maud Wyndham, August 7, 1928, HHA 5/5/45; W.D. Braginton to Maud Wyndham, October 22, 1930, HHA 2/24/18.
107.
Caryl Lyttelton to Maud Wyndham, July 27, 1928, HHA 5/5/44.
108.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, June 8, 1912, WSRO: PHA.
109.
Hugh Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, March 25, 1904,
WSRO
:
PHA
. See also
T. Keegan
, “The Sharecropping Economy, African Class Formation and the Natives' Land Act of 1913 in the Highveld Maize Belt” in Industrialisation and Social Change in South Africa: African Class Formation, Culture, and Consciousness, 1870-1930,
S. Marks
and
R. Rathbone
, eds. (
London
, 1982).
110.
Hugh Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, May 19, 1904. WSRO: PHA.
111.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, October 16, 1915. WSRO: PHA.
112.
While away from the farm in 1905, an enormous swarm of locusts ravaged the Standerton district. His manager “recorded the facts” and these Wyndham forwarded to the Government Entomologist for scientific purposes
. Hugh Wyndham to Government Entomologist, June 27, 1905,
NASAP
: Chief Entomologist (CEN) 63, file EE3987.
113.
S. Dagut
, “
Paternalism and Social Distance: British Settlers' Racial Attitudes, 1850s-1890s
,” South African Historical Journal37 (1997):
4
,
8
;
Maude Wyndham to Lady Leconfield
, September 18, 1910, and
Hugh Wyndham to Lady Leconfield
, January 12, 1904 ,
WSRO
:
PHA
114.
Hugh Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, September 23, 1915, WSRO: PHA.
115.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, August 1, 1912, WSRO: PHA.
116.
Ibid., January 13, 1919, WSRO: PHA.
117.
Lady Cobham to Maud Wyndham, May 9, 1912, HHA 2/34/34.
118.
F.A. Maxse to Lady Caroline Maxse, August 21, 1875, Bodleian Library, Oxford: Violet Milner Papers, Box 15, C1/7.
119.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Cobham, February 17, 1914, HHA 2/36/47.
120.
Hugh Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, June 24, 1906, WSRO: PHA.
121.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, April 7, 1912, WSRO: PHA.
122.
Ibid., undated [c. August 1912], WSRO: PHA.
123.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, February 26, 1916, WSRO: PHA
124.
Ibid., November 11, 1915, WSRO: PHA.
125.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, July 8, 1912, WSRO: PHA.
126.
Charles van Onselen
, New Babylon, New Nineveh, 219.
127.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, June 8, 1912, WSRO: PHA.
128.
Ibid., April 7, 1912, WSRO: PHA.
129.
Geoffrey Robinson
, the editor of the Star, wrote an article “
on the vexed question of training up a race of K——r housemaids
.” Diary, December 10, 1908,
Bodleian Library: MS Dawson14
.
130.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, January 13, 1919, WSRO: PHA.
131.
Ibid., June 8, 1912, WSRO: PHA.
132.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, July 8, 1912, WSRO: PHA.
133.
Ibid., undated [c. August 1912], WSRO: PHA.
134.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, October 22, 1916, WSRO: PHA.
135.
“
The Housekeeper
,” The South African Woman, 1(1) (1920):
15
.
136.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, February 26, 1909, WSRO: PHA.—“The present cook is a very nice woman & the bills have gone down appreciatively. I believe Booker has gone to Mrs Schumacher who is sure to keep an eye on her.”
137.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, June 29, 1912, WSRO: PHA.
138.
“
The Housekeeper
,” The South African Woman, 1(1) (1920):
15
.
139.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, November 24, 1912, WSRO: PHA.
140.
Ibid., December 22, 1912, WSRO: PHA.
141.
Ibid.
142.
Ibid.
143.
Ibid., January 25, 1913, WSRO: PHA.
144.
Ibid., April 1, 1913, WSRO: PHA; and Maud Wyndham to Lord and Lady Cobham, April 2, 1913, HHA 2/36/5.
145.
Ibid., February 3, 1914, WSRO: PHA.
146.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Cobham, January 28, 1914, HHA 2/36/30.
147.
Ibid., January 28, 1914, HHA 2/36/30.
148.
Ibid., July 8, 1914, HHA 2/36/39.
149.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, July 25, 1914, WSRO: PHA.
150.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Cobham, August 2, 1914, HHA 2/36/44. (Letter written over several days.)
151.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, August 4, 1914, WSRO: PHA.
152.
Ibid., August 11, 1914, WSRO: PHA.
153.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, August 4, 1914, WSRO: PHA.
154.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Cobham, August 2, 1914, HHA 2/36/44.
155.
Ivor Maxse to Violet Cecil, October 28, 1914, Bodleian Library, Oxford: Violet Milner Papers, Box 15, C1/6; Maud Wyndham to Lady Cobham, October 30, 1914, HHA 2/36/73.
156.
Ivor Maxse to Lady Violet Cecil, January 20, 1915 and February 6, 1915, Bodleian Library, Oxford: Violet Milner Papers Box 19.
157.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, September 23, 1915, WSRO: PHA.
158.
Ibid., October 27, 1915, WSRO: PHA.
159.
Ibid., December 23, 1915, WSRO: PHA.
160.
Hugh Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, July 17, 1917, WSRO: PHA.
161.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, September 24, 1917, WSRO: PHA.
162.
Lord Cobham to Maud Wyndham, October 8, 1915, HHA 5/11/2/8.
163.
Hugh Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, November 14, 1917, WSRO: PHA.
164.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Cobham, October 30, 1914, HHA 2/36/73. See also Humphrey Wyndham to Mary Maxse, August 7, 1916, WSRO: Maxse Papers 455.
165.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, July 21, 1917, WSRO: PHA.
166.
See Lord Cobham to Maud Wyndham, September 8, 1916, HHA 2/33/48, on how life at Hagley was becoming `inconvenienced by the war in a thousand small ways, more & more.' And also Lady Cobham to Maud Wyndham, January 5, 1917, HHA 2/30/3; Lady Cobham to Maud Wyndham, January 12, 1917, HHA 2/30/6; and Lady Cobham to Maud Wyndham, January 17, 1917, HHA 2/30/8.
167.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, August 11, 1914, WSRO: PHA.
168.
Ibid., August 20, 1914, WSRO: PHA.
169.
Ibid., February 21, 1917, WSRO: PHA.
170.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Cobham, October 30, 1914, HHA 2/36/73.
171.
Ibid., November 9, 1914, HHA 2/36/74.
172.
Ibid., August 11, 1914, HHA 2/36/45 and August 18, 1914, HHA 2/36/46.
173.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, August 11, 1914, WSRO: PHA.
174.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Cobham, August 11, 1914, HHA 2/36/45 and August 18, 1914, HHA 2/36/46.
175.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, February 26, 1916, WSRO: PHA.
176.
Ibid., July 11, 1917, WSRO: PHA.
177.
Ibid., July 21, 1917, WSRO: PHA.
178.
Ibid., October 14, 1915, WSRO: PHA.
179.
Ibid., February 4, 1917, WSRO: PHA.
180.
Ibid., July 21, 1917, WSRO: PHA.
181.
Ibid., May 25, 1916, WSRO: PHA.
182.
Ibid., May 25, 1916, WSRO: PHA.
183.
Ibid., July 1, 1916, WSRO: PHA.
184.
Ibid., March 29, 1917, WSRO: PHA.
185.
Ibid., July 21, 1917, WSRO: PHA.
186.
Ibid., August 12, 1917, WSRO: PHA.
187.
Ibid., August 2, 1917, WSRO: PHA.
188.
Ibid., August 12, August 14 and September 24, 1917, WSRO: PHA.
189.
Ibid., January 24, 1918, WSRO: PHA.
190.
Ibid., September 24, 1917, WSRO: PHA. Maud Wyndham's emphasis.
191.
Ibid., October 20, 1917, WSRO: PHA.
192.
Ibid., January 24, 1918, WSRO: PHA.
193.
Hugh Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, December 30, 1917, WSRO: PHA.
194.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, September 24, 1917 and November 10, 1917, WSRO: PHA.
195.
Ibid., November 20, 1917, WSRO: PHA.
196.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, November 20, 1917, WSRO: PHA.
197.
As quoted by Lady Cobham to Hugh Wyndham, December 21, 1918, UBL: Masterman Papers, CFGM 1/17/12/1. Lady Cobham's emphasis.
198.
Lady Cobham to Hugh Wyndham, December 21, 1918, UBL: Masterman Papers, CFGM 1/17/12/1.
199.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, February 26, 1916, WSRO: PHA.
200.
Ibid., June 22, 1918, WSRO: PHA.
201.
Henry Guest to Lady Cobham, September 11, 1918, HHA 2/24/7.
202.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, January 9, 1918, WSRO: PHA.
203.
Ibid., October 29, 1916, WSRO: PHA.
204.
Ibid., February 26, 1916, WSRO: PHA.
205.
Hugh Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, November 21, 1918, and Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, October 20, 1918, WSRO: PHA.
206.
Eva Boydell to Thomas Boydell, November 2 and November 4, 1918, NASAP: A.75, vol. 1.
207.
Lady Cobham to Hugh Wyndham, December 21, 1918, UBL: Masterman Papers, CFGM 1/17/12/1.
208.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, November 17, 1918, WSRO: PHA.
209.
”
Notes and Comments. Don't Want Housework
,” South African Woman1(8) (1921):
1
.
210.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, December 14, 1918, WSRO: PHA.
211.
Ibid., May 19, 1920, WSRO: PHA.
212.
Hugh Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, January 16, 1919, WSRO: PHA.
213.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, January 10, 1919, WSRO: PHA.
214.
Hugh Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, October 2, 1919, WSRO: PHA.
215.
Ibid., April 4, 1919, WSRO: PHA.
216.
Hugh Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, April 29, 1919, WSRO: PHA; William Carter to Lord Wenlock, May 6, 1919, William Cullen Library, University of the Witwatersrand (Wits): Archives of the Church of the Province of South Africa, AB186 Archbishop Carter Letters.
217.
William Carter to Algernon Lawley, January 17, 1919 and June 7, 1919, Wits: AB186 Archbishop Carter Letters.
218.
See also Selborne to Pim, October 10, 1919, Wits: A881 Howard Pim Papers. BL.1.
219.
Hugh Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, Februay 10, 1920, WSRO: PHA.
220.
Ibid., March 15, 1920, WSRO: PHA; Feetham to his Mother, March 19, 1920, Rhodes House, Oxford: Feetham Papers, Box 5, file 1.
221.
Feetham to his Mother, January 14, 1920, Rhodes House, Oxford: Feetham Papers, Box 5, file 1.
222.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, April 20, 1920 and April 27, 1920, WSRO: PHA.
223.
Hugh Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, May 2, July 27 and September 12, 1920, WSRO: PHA; and Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, May 3, 1920, WSRO: PHA.
224.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, April 13, 1920, WSRO: PHA; and `Elective Assembly Diocese of Pretoria,' 1920, Wits: CPSA AB1363 Records of the Archbishop of Cape Town.
225.
Hugh Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, January 30, 1920, WSRO: PHA.
226.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, March 3, 1920, WSRO: PHA.
227.
Ibid., March 3, 1920, WSRO: PHA.
228.
Ibid., March 3, 1920, WSRO: PHA.
229.
Ibid., March 3, 1920, WSRO: PHA.
230.
Ibid., March 31, 1920, WSRO: PHA.
231.
Ibid., May 3, 1920, WSRO: PHA.
232.
Ibid., April 13, 1920, WSRO: PHA.
233.
Ibid., May 3, 1920, WSRO: PHA.
234.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Cobham, August 31, 1920, HHA 2/4/8.
235.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, October 27, 1920, WSRO: PHA.
236.
`I see a letter addressed to the house boy Tom in a white female's handwriting written from the Carlton Hotel here—I feel it is a friend luring him away—so far he has not seen it so I shall not point it out.' Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, March 23, 1920, WSRO: PHA.
237.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, August 4, 1920, WSRO: PHA.
238.
Ibid., November 4, 1912, WSRO: PHA.
239.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, June 5, 1916, WSRO: PHA.
240.
Editorial, The Church Chronicle, XVII(6), March 18, 1920.
241.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, October 29, 1916, WSRO: PHA.
242.
See
Charles van Onselen
, New Babylon, New Nineveh,
228
.
243.
Lavinia Talbot to Maud Wyndham, April 4, 1912, HHA 2/34/25.
244.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, November 4, 1918, WSRO: PHA.
245.
Ibid., January 13, 1919, WSRO: PHA.
246.
Charles van Onselen
, New Babylon, New Nineveh,
219
.
247.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, November 4, 1912, WSRO: PHA.
248.
Ibid., August 1, 1912, WSRO: PHA.
249.
Estate papers of Louisa Ruxton, NASAP: MHG 26972.
250.
Estate papers of Robert Ruxton, NASAP: MHG 49708.
251.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, December 8, 1915, WSRO: PHA.
252.
Ibid., December 8, 1915, WSRO: PHA.
253.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, February 26, 1916, WSRO: PHA
254.
Ibid., September 24, 1917, WSRO: PHA.
255.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, November 10, 1917, WSRO: PHA.
256.
Lady Cobham to Hugh Wyndham, December 21, 1918, UBL: Masterman Papers, CFGM 1/17/12/1.
257.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, November 17, 1918, WSRO: PHA.
258.
Ibid., March 9, 1917, WSRO: PHA.
259.
Maud Wyndham to Lord Cobham, December 16, 1910, HHA 5/8/52.
260.
Lady Cobham to Maud Wyndham, January 15, 1914, HHA 5/12/16.
261.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, April 1, 1913, WSRO: PHA; Maud Wyndham to Lord and Lady Cobham, April 2, 1913, HHA 2/36/5.
262.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Cobham, May 25, 1920, WSRO: PHA; Maud Wyndham to Lady Cobham, August 31, 1920, HHA 2/4/8; and Maud Wyndham to Lady Cobham, April 18, 1921, HHA 2/4/32.
263.
Maud Wyndham to Lady Leconfield, September 29, 1915, WSRO: PHA; and newspaper cutting “More Class Distinctions,” WSRO: PHA 9579.
