Large scale, open immigration of unaccompanied dependent children to Canada did not commence until 1869, but it had been advocated for decades and some such immigration to the British North American colonies took place earlier in the century. The first systematic emigration of destitute British children was organized in the 1830s by the Children's Friend Society, which sent about 141 children to the Canadas from 1833 to 1836, at least 70 of whom went to Upper Canada. While the emigration scheme was short lived, it established that such children would be welcomed and that homes and work would be available for them, and it probably helped pave the way for a new wave of older juvenile immigrants in the 1850s, and for the high profile, large scale immigration of young dependent children that began in 1869 and continued for more than half a century.
The records of the Society (CFS) as such have not survived. However, a number of its annual reports have survived in a variety of sources. Those referenced directly are as follows: Fourth Annual Report 1834, reproduced with some editing in the “Third, Fourth and Fifth Reports from the Select Committee of the House of Lords on the present State of the Several Goals and Houses of Correction in England and Wales,” Appendix to Minutes of Evidence, Part IV, No. 3, (British Parliamentary Papers, Irish University Press Series, [BPP, IUP] Crime and Punishment, Prisons, vol. 4), 397-412 (also in the British Library, C.T. 192 (7)); Fifth Annual Report, May 1835, Gloucestershire Record Office, Hardwicke Papers, “Brenton - Early Pamphlets,” D3549/25/3/3; Sixth Annual Report, May 1836, Ibid.; Seventh Annual Report for 1837 Ibid.; Ninth Annual Report, May 1839, Ibid., and Goldsmiths' Kress Library of Economic Literature, segment II: Printed Books 1801-1855, item no. 31090, reel 2863 (Copy in National Library of Canada). Other reports, as cited by Geoff Blackburn, The Children's Friend Society (Northridge, Australia: Access Press 1993), (who also reproduces all the data about the children found in the extant reports), are as follows: Third Annual Report, 1833 British Library, item 4193 bbb 21; Eighth Annual Report, 1838, British Library item 1509/52 (12); Report on the Tenth Annual Meting 1840, The Times 4 June 1840, P3d; Report on the Eleventh Annual Meeting 1841, The Times 25 May 1841, P5c. On the history and organization of the Children's Friend Society see also Blackburn ch. 1 and 2.
2.
A proposal for the systematic emigration of destitute children by poor law authorities came as early as 1826 from a London police magistrate in a proposal to a Parliamentary Committee on emigration. He cited a letter from the Directors of the parish of Marylebone who “highly approve of the plan of sending children to Canada.” He felt that London parishes, who had difficulty finding enough masters for their children, would be willing to pay five pounds, the normal apprentice fee, to aid the emigration of children ages twelve to twenty. He argued that parishes should have the power to send the children, with consent of two justices of the peace, even of children with parents. The committee, while not specifically recommending child emigration, referred to his testimony and noted that destitute vagrants, “chiefly under age,” were special cases deserving of attention and special funding for emigration, but suggested that the cost be born “by the individuals specially benefited by the removal of the Emigrants.” They also suggested that those so assisted be apprenticed, but only in order to pay for their emigration, which they saw as requiring legislation: [Parliament should] legalize apprenticeships, in no case to exceed seven years, during which one-fourth of the wages received by the apprentice should be set apart by the master in liquidation of the expense incurred in the transport of the emigrant, such apprenticeships only to continue until that expense shall have been liquidated, and after that period the apprentice to be entirely free. “
Report from the Select Committee on Emigration from the United Kingdom 1826
” (
BPP, IUPS
, Emigration vol. 1),
83—7
,
11
. The law required was to permit apprenticeships of less than seven years, as under the Elizabethan statute the minimum term for apprenticeships was seven years. However, the seven-year term was already out of favor in England, and generally in Upper Canada contracts for less than seven years were found to be voidable and not void.
W.C. Keele
,
The Provincial Justice or Magistrate's Manual
(
Toronto: Upper Canada Gazette, Office1835),
19
. Pinchbeck and Hewitt state that the committee's final report contained no mention of child emigration. However, the passage here cited does appear, somewhat obliquely, to refer to child emigration. (
Ivy Pinchbeck
and
Margaret Hewitt
, Children in English Society vol. 2 (
Toronto: University of Toronto Press
, 1969),
553
).
3.
“
Prospectus of the Children's Friend Society
,” Kingston Chronicle and Gazette, 25 April to 3 June 1835. CFS Fourth Annual Report, 1834,
397
.
4.
Helen I. Cowan
,
British Emigration to British North America: The First Hundred Years, revised and enlarged edition
(
University of Toronto Press
, 1961, reprinted 1967),
221
, citing C.O. 42/238, enclosure in Aylmer to Goderich, December 10, 1832; C.O. 384/33, note on Gouger to Colonial Office, April 2, 1833; C.O. 43/79, Hay to Lemon, June 18, 1834. Re the concerns about slavery on the part of the Society see CFS, Ninth Annual Report, 1839, 8, citing the Third Annual Report, 1833. Bradlow, citing the South African Commercial Advertiser August 9,1834 and January 27, 1841, states that the Society sent children to Canada before the Cape. However, the Society's records show the first children departing for the Cape in January 1833, while the first children sent to Canada departed in August 1833. See also
Edna Bradlow
, “
The Children's Friend Society at the Cape of Good Hope
,” Victorian Studies, vol. 27 (winter 1984),
239
,
283
.
5.
The Canadian Correspondent, February 15, 1834, report on a special meeting of the Society in London.
6.
Ibid.
7.
CFS, Fourth Annual Report for 1834.
8.
Blackburn, Children's Friend Society, ch. 7.
9.
Blackburn, Index of Children Sent to South Africa, Children's Friend Society, 292 (birthdates were derived for only 106 of the children, based on their ages when interviewed in 1839 by the commissioners inquiring into the condition of the children. The sailing date is known for only some of these children and hence ages at emigration cannot always be determined). Bradlow, Children's Friend Society at the Cape of Good Hope, 159.
10.
Toronto Star 8 May 1997 notes in an article about Brampton Cemetery: “In true rags-to-riches fashion, George Tye (1825—1905) arrived in Canada, an impoverished 11-year-old orphan. He had come from England to work as a farm boy. An active community member, by 1858 Tye was wealthy enough to buy the Brampton Times.” As Tye arrived in 1835, he would have been ten, not eleven on arrival according to the birth year on his tombstone. Census records for 1871 and 1881 make him younger, putting his birth year at 1827. He also appears as a printer in the City of Toronto Directories for 1846/47, 1850/51 and 1856, and could be the George Tye who, on May 22, 1845, by license, married Ruth Flay (“Marriages at St. James Cathedral, 1842-1846,” Robertson's Landmarks of Toronto, vol. 3 (reprinted Mika Publishing, Belleville, 1974), 395. Available online http://www.ourroots.ca/e/toc.aspx?id=3701, and http://www.archive.org/details/landmarkstoronto03robeuoft, and in Toronto Public Library, Digital Collections, http://digit.tpl.toronto.on.ca:8000). I am indebted to Bruce S. Elliott, Department of History, Carleton University, for bringing to my attention the Toronto Star item that makes the link with the CFS boy clear.
11.
Thomas Riggler, spelled Rigler in both the 1871 and 1881 census, where he was shown as a farmer in Gwillimbury North, York North, Ontario. The 1871 census lists his age as forty-six, while the 1881 census has him born in 1826, and thus age fifty-five. He arrived in Canada 1835. Another possible match in the census is William Stacey, who immigrated to Cobourg in 1836. A William Stacey, born in 1826, is shown as a farmer in Dunwich, Elgin West, in both the 1871 and 1881 census, and would have been ten on arrival. William Baiman may be William Buman or Beeman shown as a farmer in Hope, Durham East, Ontario in the 1881 census, age fifty-five and thus nine on arrival in 1835. Other possible census matches would make boys both younger and older than ten on arrival, including Henry Jerrell, an exact name match with a sailor in Kingston Township aged forty-two in 1871, and thus six in 1835 when the CFS Henry Jerrell was apprenticed in Toronto as a general servant to Joseph Talbot in 1835; as noted above, Talbot left Toronto shortly thereafter (Talbot does not appear in the 1871 census). William Wells, apprenticed as a general servant to Captain McLean, a farmer in Scarborough, could be William Wells, age forty-four (thus only nine in 1835), a laborer in Brantford in the 1871 census. Edward Thompson was apprenticed to Reverand King in Nelson, near Toronto (west) as a farm servant; the 1871 census lists an Edward Thompson, age fifty-two (thus seventeen in 1835), as a farmer in Guelph. George Mitchell, apprenticed as a general servant to Robert Sullivan in Toronto, could be George Mitchell, age fifty-one (thus sixteen in 1835), a Saloon Keeper in Peterboro West in 1871. Edward Byfield, apprenticed as a farm servant to J. Guardhouse in Etobicoke, could be Edward Byfield listed in the 1846—1847 Toronto Directory as a laborer, and the farmer age fifty (hence fourteen in 1835) in Blanchard Township (Perth South) in the 1871 census. Thomas Chapman, apprenticed to Hugh Carfrae in Toronto as a general servant, could be Thomas Chapman, a laborer in York East Township, age forty-nine (thus thirteen in 1835). However, none of these matches can be asserted with any certainty, the names, ages and general localities being the basis for their inclusion.
12.
CFS, Fifth Annual Report for 1835, 2 and 10.
13.
Patriot, July 3, 1835; Advertisement by the Children's Friend Society, Cobourg Star and Newcastle General Advertiser, November 19, 1834 to July 1, 1835 Kingston Chronicle & Gazette, April 25, 1835 to June 3, 1835.
14.
Bradlow, Children's Friend Society at the Cape of Good Hope , 160—1;
Blackburn, Children's Friend Society
, 16.
15.
Kingston Chronicle & Gazette, June 14, 1834.
16.
CFS, Annual Report, May 1839, quoting from the Minutes of the Committee of the Children's Friend Society, March 13, 1833.
17.
The annual reports of the Society for 1834 and 1835 list twenty-one boys as brought out by Orrok and placed in Lower Canada. Canadian accounts refer only to twenty, perhaps excluding a boy placed in his own household: Kingston Chronicle & Gazette, April 1, 1835; BPP, IUPS, Emigration vol. 19, 300. Concerning Orrok, see also City of Toronto Archives, Toronto City Council Papers, (RG1 B1 Box 1 File 9) Joseph Talbot to R.B. Sullivan, mayor, March 14, 1835.
18.
Toronto City Directory for 1833-4, (available on line in the
Toronto Public Library Digital Collections
, http://digit.tpl.toronto.on.ca:8000), 24, 151, 162;
Frederick Armstrong
, A City in the Making (
Toronto
, 1988), 46.
19.
The prominent members of the committee listed to encourage the patronage of the Toronto City Council were the Hon. J.B. Robinson (chief justice), the bishop of Quebec, Archdeacon John Strachan, Peter Robinson (member of the Executive and Legislative Councils and Commissioner of Crown Lands: Henry Scadding, Toronto of Old (reprinted Oxford University Press, 1966), 376), Lieutenant Colonel Wells (member of the Legislative and Executive Councils and bursar of King's College: Scadding 382), G.H. Markland (member of the Legislative and Executive Councils and inspector-general: Scadding 372), and the Attorney General Robert Jameson. The other members were the Mayor, Aldermen, and Common Councilmen of the City of Toronto, for the time being, Colonel O'Hara, W.B. Jarvis, Esq. (Sheriff), Simon Washburn, Esq. (Clerk of the Peace), Capt. Fitzgibbon, R.B. Sullivan, Esq., William Stennett, Esq., and Thomas Baines, Esq. CFS, Annual Report for 1836.
20.
Joseph Talbot to R.B. Sullivan, mayor, March 14, 1835: RG1 B1 Box 1 File 9; Report of a Select Committee, 18 May 1835: RG1 B1 Box 2 File 1: City of Toronto Archives, Toronto City Council Papers; Journal of the Common Council of the City of Toronto, 1835, Second Session Monday May 18, 1835, City of Toronto Archives.
21.
Joseph Talbot ceased publishing his newspaper in August of 1835 (Armstrong, City in the Making, 46), and is not listed in the Toronto Directory for 1837 (in Robertson's Landmarks vol. 3, 119).
22.
Christian Guardian, May 20, 1835.
23.
Concerning the high demand for labor, including the children of poor families, see for example:
William Cattermole
,
Emigration
(
London : Simpkin and Marshall
, 1831),
96—99
; Kingston Chronicle and Gazette, April 1, 1835;
Anna Brownell Jameson
,
Winter Studies and Summer Rambles in Canada
(
McClelland and Stewart Limited, New Canadian Library
no. 46, 1965, first published 1838),
71—2
;
Catherine Parr Traill
, “
Female Servants in the Bush
,” Forest and Other Gleanings (
Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press
, 1994, first published 1852),
168—74
. The shortage of labor was also frequently cited in emigration reports by Canadian officials as reproduced in British Parliamentary Papers.
24.
Christian Guardian, September 17, 1834.
25.
Upper Canada Gazette, October 23, 1817; Colonial Advocate,
York
, December 11, 1828, December 3, 1829. Concerning the Strangers' Friend Society see also note 35.
26.
Colonial Advocate, December 3, 1829.
27.
Toronto Patriot, November 31, 1837.
28.
Toronto Directory for 1846-7
, In Robertson's Landmarks, vol. 3,
173
.
29.
Robert J. Burns
, “William Botsford Jarvis,” in Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online, ed.
Ramsay Cook
and
Réal Bélanger
, available at http://www.biographi.ca/EN/index.html.
30.
Ibid., and Toronto Directory for 1837, Robertson's Landmarks, vol. 3 119. However, his career shows a primary interest in promoting immigration and associated land policies as of importance for the prosperity of the province: Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online.
31.
Toronto Directory for 1837.
32.
Edwin C. Guillet
, Cobourg 1798-1948 (
Oshawa : Goodfellow Printing Co
., 1948), 17, 21.
33.
Members of the Legislative Council: Hon. Zaccheus Burnham, Hon. Walter Boswell (a lawyer). Justices of the Peace:
Robt. Henry
,
B. Throop
,
Ebenezer Perry
(a miller, first Mayor (president of the Board of Police 1837—1838),
R.P. Boucher
, Walt. Crawford. Rev. A.N. Bethune (minister of St. Peter's Church and active in charitable organizations in Cobourg),
G.M. Boswell
, Sol. (later a District Court judge) were the remaining members. Cobourg Star and Newcastle General Advertiser 24 June 1835.) Concerning these people see
Armstrong Handbook of Upper Canadian Chronology53
,
122
,
205
;
J. Petryshyn
, ed.,
Victorian Cobourg
, (
Mika Publishing Co., Belleville
, 1976),
14
,
17
,
169
,
172
.
34.
Cobourg Star and Newcastle General Advertiser, September 30, 1835.
35.
This Society operated under various names from 1817. Report of a Committee appointed by the Society for the general relief and benefit of strangers and the distressed poor of York, National Archives of Canada, MG 24-A40 vol. 29 File 8591 no. 8392 (undated, but after December 1828); Emigrants, Temporary Houses at York, Public Archives of Ontario, MU 2105 Misc. MSS no. 7 1831, 50—9; Annual Meeting of the Society, held December 14, 1833, National Archives of Canada MG 24-A40 vol. 29 File 8591.
36.
The records of the House of Industry are in the City of Toronto Archives SC 35A.
37.
CFS, Fifth Annual Report, 1835, 6.
38.
Advertisement by the Children's Friend Society, Cobourg Star and Newcastle General Advertiser, November 19, 1834 to July 1, 1835, January 13, 1836; Kingston Chronicle & Gazette, April 25, 1835 to June 3, 1835.
39.
Kingston Chronicle & Gazette, June 20, 1836 to March 18, 1837. The committee members were as follows: Venerable Archdeacon Stuart, Rev. R.D. Cartwright, Honorable John Kirby, Honorable John Macaulay, Thomas Markland, Esq, J.P., James Sampson, Esq., J.P., William Logie, J.P., James Macfarlane, Esq., J.P., John Marks, Esq., J.P., Thomas Scobell, Esq., D.A.C.G. (corresponding secretary). Stuart, Kirby, Macaulay, and Markland were all active in the Kingston Compassionate Society, founded 1817 (Upper Canada Gazette, December 25, 1817, June 27, 1820, February 1, 1821). Macaulay and Sampson were appointed as commissioners for the erection of the local hospital in 1832. [Margaret Angus, “Health, Emigration and Welfare in Kingston, 1820-1840,” in Oliver Mowat's Ontario, ed. Donald Swainson, 128 (Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1972)]. Kirby was appointed chairman of the Kingston Board of Health in 1833 (Ibid. 131). “John Kirby,” “Thomas Markland,” “James MacFarlane,” and “James Sampson,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online.
40.
See Appendices 1 and 2 for summary Tables.
41.
Blackburn, Children's Friend Society
, 239,
242—3
, taken from CFS, “
Embarkation Return
,” Annual Report, 1834.
CFS, Fifth Annual Report, 1835, 21 and Sixth Annual Report, 1836, 9 (table of boys from the Concord apprenticed). City of Toronto Archives, Toronto City Council Papers, (RG1 B1 Box 1 File 9) Joseph Talbot to R.B. Sullivan, Mayor, March 14, 1835. BPP, IUPS, Emigration vol. 19, 300, twenty boys sent by the Children's Friend Society reported as arriving on the Concord.
44.
Bpp, Iups
, Emigration vol. 19, 338, 340, 341.
45.
Cfs
, “
Table of Boys and Girls Apprenticed
,” Sixth Annual Report, 1836,
10
.
46.
Kingston Chronicle and Gazette, June 6, 1835 .
47.
Correspondent and Advocate, July 2, 1835, citing “Mr. Talbot's paper of June 24,” Upper Canada Land, Mercantile, and General Advertiser (a newspaper largely devoted to land sales): Frederick Armstrong, A City in the Making (Toronto, 1988), 46.
48.
The children who arrived by the Englishman were not listed by name in the Society's reports, although twenty-five boys were noted in the General Embarkation Return, but three can be identified from a letter from Orrok in the report: “Letter from Mr. John Orrok,” March 3, 1837, CFS, Sixth Annual Report, 1836, 20.
49.
BPP, IUPS, Emigration vol. 19, 340.
50.
The London Times report reproduced a letter from the mother of a boy who immigrated to Canada about four years earlier with fourteen other children—the size of the group suggests it was instead 1836. “St. Katherine, Soranee” is likely St. Catherine's, the destination for two other boys in 1835, but could also be Napanee, the destination for at least two girls in 1836. There is a Catherine St. in Napanee.
Correspondent and Advocate, June 22, 1836 through March 18, 1837.
55.
Correspondent and Advocate, July 23, 1836.
56.
Toronto Patriot, June 16 through October 6, 1837.
57.
Letter from W.S.R. Cockburn, president, Children's Friend Society Committee in Bath, England, to Sir John Colborne, March 29, 1838, National Archives of Canada, R11517-0-6-E (formerly RG8-I) Military “C” Series, vol. 35, p. 31. I am indebted to John Elliott, Department of History, Carleton University, for providing me with a transcript of this letter and follow-up communication.
58.
CFS, Sixth Annual Report for 1836, 5, 12
59.
“
An Act to provide for the Education and Support of Orphan Children
,” Upper Canada, Statutes, ( 1799)
39
Geo. III, chap. III. See
Charlotte Neff
, “
Pauper Apprenticeship in Pre-confederation Ontario
.” Journal of Family History21, no. 2 (1996):
144—71
.
60.
Keele, Provincial Justice or Magistrate's Manual, devoted several pages to a description of the law applicable to apprenticeship, and provided a number of forms as well, including a “Common form of an Indenture of Apprenticeship.”
61.
CFS, Fourth Annual Report for 1834, 398. Also cited in Alex G. Scholes, Education for Empire Settlement (Longmans, Green & Co. London, 1932), 31—2, quoting from E.N. Hance, “A Paper on Reformatory and Industrial Schools” read at the 48th Session of the Liverpool Philomathic Society, March 28, 1883, and in W.S. Shepperson, British Emigration to North America,116 (University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 1957). Surviving court orders of apprenticeship and indentures confirm the nature of what the apprentices were to receive at the end of their term. A six-year-old boy, ordered apprenticed by the Magistrates, was at the end of his apprenticeship to receive “two suits of wearing apparel, a Yoke of Oxen worth fifty Dollars with a Yoke and chain,” Minutes of the Court of General Quarter Sessions of the District of London, October 16, 1817, reproduced in Alexander Fraser, Twenty-Second Report of the Department of Public Records and Archives of Ontario, 1933, Ontario, Sessional Papers, no. 16, 1934. Indenture of Apprenticeship between Leonard Lewis and Richard Arnold Esq., March 21, 1807, Archives of Ontario, F-775 Miscellaneous Collection #3 MV 2101: the boy was to receive “...two good suits of cloths. The one an every day suit and the other a Sunday suit and to give him also either a decent two-year-old colt or horse or a yoke of two-year-old steers.” Similarly, “Apprenticeship of Edward Davis, an abandoned child,” by the Town Wardens of Waterloo to Christian Schwartentruber, June 1, 1839 Waterloo Historical Society Annual, vol. 57 1969 80. A girl was at the end of her term to be given “two suits of Clothes and a Milch Cow, and Bed”: Apprenticeship agreement between Mary Ann Thompson and Henry Nelles 1 January 1825 Archives of Ontario, Nelles Family Papers, reproduced in Beth Light and Alison Prentice, Pioneer and Gentlewomen of British North America 1713-1867, 18 (Toronto 1980); likewise Apprenticeship Indenture re Sarah Mae Clauerty, October 2, 1832, County of Prince Edward Archives; Apprenticeship of Catharine Aiken to Wilson Stodders, October 9, 1855, Archives of Ontario, MV 3277, Stoddart Papers, Accession 9560. Even the Ottawa Orphans' Home adopted this form of final payment, see Articles of Apprenticeship between Mary Anne Green and David Harrison through the Ottawa Orphans' Home, December 10, 1869, Ottawa City Archives, MG 7-9-140, Ottawa Orphans' Home, and Articles of Apprenticeship between Abigail Moor and John Lowden through the Ottawa Orphans' Home, April 3, 1866, Ottawa City Archives, MG 7-9-139, Ottawa Orphans' Home [and letter re same]. In another case a boy was to get money instead: “at the expiration of the said term shall and will give to his said apprentice (over and above his then clothing) the sum of thirty pounds Halifax currency,” Form for Indenture of Apprenticeship of James Johnstone to Malcolm Dingwall, Date October 12, 1840, National Archives of Canada, MG24 I 18, Kenneth McPherson Papers, vol. 1 Legal Documents. No provision was made in apprenticeship legislation for payment of the apprentice, which was presumably considered a matter for private agreement.
62.
“
The Adoption Act, 1921
”,
Ontario
, Statutes, (1921)
11
Geo. V. Ch. 55.
63.
“
An Act for the Prevention of Cruelty to, and better Protection of Children
,”
Ontario
, Statutes, (1893)
56
Vict., ch. 45.
64.
Neff
, “Pauper Apprenticeship.”
65.
http://www.adoption.ca/
66.
CFS, Fourth Annual Report, May 1834, 400, rule 18; Seventh Annual Report, May 1837, vii, rule 19.
67.
Kingston Chronicle and Gazette, June 14, 1834 (Circular), April 25 to June 3, 1835 (Prospectus, carried on the front page in many editions).
68.
Kingston Chronicle & Gazette, 14 June 1834 (Circular), April 1, 1835, May 7—28, 1836. CFS, Fifth Annual Report, 1835, 10. Toronto Patriot, June 16 through October 6, 1837. Some of the advertisements cited here used dollars, some pounds at an exchange rate of four dollars per pound, thus indicating the reference was to pounds currency that was the common unit of accounting in pre-Confederation Canada, including government accounts (but for the first three years after the Union). British pounds stirling were worth more, sometimes said to be worth as much as £5 currency to £4 sterling, although in government accounts for the 1830s and 1840s a conversion factor of 1.11 was commonly applied. For example, for 1841, 1842, and 1843 the Toronto House of Industry was paid a grant of 315 pounds sterling; this was converted to 350 pounds currency for 1840 and 1844. Upper Canada, Appendix to the Journal of the House of Assembly of Upper Canada, 4-5 Vict. (1841) Appendix B; Canada, Appendix to the Journals of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada, 6 Vict. (1842) Appendix K. ((B.) No. 9.); Canada Appendix to the Fourth Volume of the Journals of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada, 9 Vict. (1846) Appendix C. No. 19. Frederick H. Armstrong, A City in the Making, 11—2 (Toronto: Dundurn Press 1988).
69.
Cfs
, Fifth Annual Report, 1835 , 6.
70.
TorontoProtestant Orphans' Home, Annual Reports 1858 to 1880 (the annual accounts record sums received for apprentices), Baldwin Room, Metropolitan Toronto Reference Library, L30. Also available on microfiche from Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions. See also Charlotte Neff, “The Use of Apprenticeship and Adoption by the Toronto Protestant Orphans' Home 1853-1869.” Histoire Sociale
/ Social History, volume XXX (no. 60, Nov. 1997):
334—85
.
71.
Indenture of Apprenticeship between Gwenderlam Israel and John Benson Children's Friend Society [plus letter re same], 1st Nov. 1836, Lennox and Addington County Museum, John Benson Papers, 3831—2, 3221—4. It is reproduced in full in Appendix 3.
72.
Indenture of Apprenticeship between Mary Aulthouse and John Ham, February 6, 1802, Lennox and Addington County Museum Small Collections 32312—3.
73.
“Minutes of the Court of Quarter Sessions of the District of Mecklenburg - Town of Kingston 12 October 1789;” extracts edited by
Adam Shortt
, Early Records of Ontario,
Kingston
, 1900.
74.
Through an extensive survey of local archives, from surviving records of Protestant orphans homes, and from searches of online archives, including the Archives of Ontario, twenty-one pauper indentures (that is, excluding professional and trade apprenticeship), have been identified from 1802 to 1869, including the CFS indenture, as follows:
75.
Indenture of Apprenticeship between Mary Aulthouse and John Ham, February 6, 1802, Lennox and Addington County Museum Small Collections, 32312—3;
76.
Indenture of apprenticeship of Ann Thayer between Lawrence Lawrason and Peter Gordon, j.p.s and Andrew Templeton, farmer, March 5, 1803, Archives of Ontario, F 493-1, microfilm MS 7294, Jean Baptiste Rousseau family personal and business correspondence.
77.
Indenture of Apprenticeship between John Ross for Michael Gray to Alex Urquhart, April 19, 1803; Archives of Ontario, Toronto, Urquhart Family, Papers, MV 3053;
78.
Indenture of Apprenticeship between Leonard Lewis and Richard Arnold Esq, March 21, 1807, Archives of Ontario, F-775, Miscellaneous Collection #3, MV 2101;
79.
Indenture of Apprenticeship between James Clark and Noah Fairchild, March 14, 1809, Eva Brook Donly Museum, Simcoe, Ontario, Fairchild Papers;
80.
Indenture of apprenticeship of Eli Brackenridge between Jean Baptiste Rousseau and John Jackson, j.p.s, and Elijah Secord March 3, 1810, Archives of Ontario, F 493-1, microfilm MS 7294, Jean Baptiste Rousseau family personal and business correspondence. Indenture between Ann Macaulay and Ann Dogherty by which it is agreed that Thomas Dogherty shall enter into service with Ann Macaulay for five years and six months, December 19, 1814, Archives of Ontario, F 32 Macaulay family fonds, self service microfilm MS 78, reel 1.
81.
Indenture of Apprenticeship between Alexander Cameron and Alexander McMartin, April 2, 1819, Archives of Ontario MV 1968, Alexander McMartin Papers, Series E-6;
82.
Apprenticeship agreement between Mary Ann Thompson and Henry Nelles; January 1, 1825, Archives of Ontario, Nelles Family Papers, reproduced in Beth Light and Alison Prentice, Pioneer and Gentlewomen of British North America 1713-186,187 (
Toronto: New Hogtown Press1980);
83.
Apprenticeship Indenture re Sarah Mae Clauerty, October 2, 1832, County of Prince Edward Archives;
84.
Indenture of Apprenticeship between Gwenderlam Israel and John Benson Children's Friend Society [plus letter re same], 1st Nov. 1836, Lennox and Addington County Museum, John Benson Papers, 3831—2, 3221—4;
85.
Apprenticeship of Edward Davis, an abandoned child, by the Town Wardens of Waterloo to Christian Schwartentruber, June 1, 1839, Waterloo Historical Society Annual Vol. 57, 1969, 80;
86.
Form for Indenture of Apprenticeship of James Johnstone to Malcolm Dingwall, October 12, 1840, National Archives of Canada, MG24 I 18, Kenneth McPherson Papers, Vol. 1 Legal Documents;
87.
Indenture or Bond of Apprenticeship of Alexander McVicar to Alexander McNaughton, March 31, 1842, National Archives of Canada, MG24 I 18, Kenneth McPherson Papers, Vol. 1 Legal Documents;
88.
Indenture of Apprenticeship between Martin Dowd and Charles Otis Benson, April 17, 1849, Lennox and Addington County Museum, Charles Otis Benson Papers [see also guardianship document], 10279—10282;
89.
Apprenticeship of Catharine Aiken to Wilson Stodders, October 9, 1855, Archives of Ontario, MV 3277, Stoddart Papers, Accession 9560;
90.
Indenture between George Edward Cunningham and Joseph Scott: Indenture between George Edward Cunningham (gl. 1850—1855), son of Elizabeth Cunningham, and Joseph Scott which bound, George Edward, a fatherless five-year-old boy, to the services of Joseph Scott, a farmer of the county of York. National Archives of Canada R6958-0-1-E (former ref. MG24-L-14).
91.
Indenture of Apprenticeship between John Crawford, John Pearson, Henry Moad and William Hayes Jackson, 1855, Archives of Ontario, F-2040 F.J. French Papers, MV 1109 #14;
92.
Articles of Apprenticeship between Robert Lancaster and John Ford through Toronto House of Industry, June 29, 1861, City of Toronto Archives, SC 35R Box 1 File 3;
93.
Articles of Apprenticeship between Abigail Moor and John Lowden through the Ottawa Orphans' Home, April 3, 1866, Ottawa City Archives, MG 7-9-139, Ottawa Orphans' Home (not signed) [and letter re same].
94.
Articles of Apprenticeship between Mary Anne Green and David Harrison through the Ottawa Orphans' Home, December 10, 1869, Ottawa City Archives, MG 7-9-140, Ottawa Orphans' Home.
95.
Articles of Apprenticeship between Robert Lancaster and John Ford, Articles of Apprenticeship between Abigail Moor and John Lowden, Articles of Apprenticeship between Mary Anne Green and David Harrison. (These three indentures are included in the list of twenty-one above.) An indenture from 1900 from the Toronto Protestant Orphan's Home also survives: Articles of Apprenticeship between The Protestant Orphans' Home and Mrs. A.C. Orr, 16 June 1900, Oakville Historical Society Archives. Both the Toronto Boys' Home and the Hamilton Orphan Asylum were supposed to file copies of their indentures with the city, but these copies have not survived either. See “An Act to incorporate `The Boys' Home' of the City of Toronto,” (1861) 24 Vict. chap. CXIV, s. 4; “An Act to incorporate the Trustees of The Hamilton Orphan Asylum,” (1852) 16 Vict. chap. LXVII, s. IX.
96.
Queen's University Archives. Kingston Orphans' Home (later the Sunnyside Children's Centre), coll 2330.I, a box of miscellaneous records, includes 102 apprenticeship indentures from 1877 to 1894. Many children were apprenticed prior to that time, according to the Register, but the details were left to the parents.
97.
Letter from W.S.R. Cockburn and follow up communication, National Archives of Canada, op cit.
98.
Blackburn, Children's Friend Society, 247. Concerning the reports in the Times about the activities of the CFS see Blackburn 187—200.
99.
Kingston Chronicle and Gazette, April 1, 1835.
100.
CFS, 6th Annual Report, May 1836, 20, extracts of letters from Orrok dated June 8, 1836, July 3, 1836.
101.
June 25, 1835.
102.
Correspondent and Advocate, July 2, 1835. The Toronto Directory for 1837 lists only three men with the initials of T.L., one a grocer, one a carpenter and the third a cabinet maker. (In Robertson's Landmarks, vol. 3, 119).
103.
As to the nature of places deemed appropriate for dependent children see for example Toronto House of Industry Annual Report 1846 (City of Toronto Archives SC35H Box 2); Globe, November 20, 1852, report of legislative proceedings, debate on incorporation act for Hamilton Orphan Asylum; “An Act to incorporate `The Boys' Home' of the City of Toronto,” Canada, Statutes (1861) 24 Vict., ch. 114, Preamble; report on the 1884 report of the Toronto Boy's Home, Globe, November 20, 1885; J.J. Kelso, First Report of work under the Children's Protection Act, 1893, Ontario Sessional Papers (1894) 57 Vict. No 47, 26, 33.
104.
Blackburn, Children's Friend Society, 61. Concerning the numbers of immigrants to Australia see 39.
105.
Ibid. 59—61.
106.
“
List of Subscribers
,” CFS, Seventh Annual Report, May 1837,
2
.
107.
Bradlow, Children's Friend Society at the Cape of Good Hope, 158, citing a letter from a member of the London Committee to the Secretary of State. March 12, 1839.
108.
W.S. Shepperson
, British Emigration to North America, 116 (
University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis
, 1957).
109.
Blackburn, Children's Friend Society, 76, 187. Bradlow, Children's Friend Society at the Cape of Good Hope, 155—77.
110.
BPP, IUPS, Canada, vol. 20, 519.
111.
Pinchbeck and Hewitt, Children in English Society, vol. 2, 546—9.
112.
Charlotte Neff.
“
Youth in Canada West: A Case Study of Red Hill Farm School Emigrants, 1854-1868
.” Journal of Family History25, no. 4 (2000):
432—90
.
113.
Marjorie Kohli
,
The Golden Bridge: Young Immigrants to Canada, 1833-1939
(
Toronto: Natural Heritage Books
, 2003).
Joy Parr
,
Labouring Children
(
Toronto: University of Toronto Press
, 1994).
Kenneth Bagnell
,
The Little Immigrants
(
Toronto: Macmillan of Canada
, 1980).
Wesley B. Turner
, “
Miss Rye's Children and the Ontario Press, 1875
,” Ontario History68, no. 3 (1976):
169—203
.
Pinchbeck and Hewitt
,
Children in English Society
, vol. 2, ch. 18,
562—81
.
J.J. Kelso
,
Fifth Report of Work under the Children's Protection Act Ontario for 1897, Appendix, Special Report on the Immigration of British Children
,
Ontario
, Sessional Papers, 1898, no. 60.
