This article analyzes the current state of integrative psychotherapy with respect to various levels of integration. Three core concepts from transactional analysis are proposed as metamodels for the integration process: (1) The racket system (Erskine & Zalcman, 1979) is proposed as a metatheoretical framework for integration on the levels of theory and methodology; (2) Berne's (1961) four-fold diagnostic schema of ego states is suggested as a metamodel for integrating and validating therapeutic methods within transactional analysis and among various psychotherapy approaches; and (3) Berne's (1972) theoretical concept of games, Formula G, is offered as a metamodel for integration and validation within transactional analysis and across approaches. The common ground between Freud's structure theory and Berne's transactional ego state psychology is also discussed.
BaryB. B.HuffordF. M. (1990). The six advantages to games and their use in treatment. Transactional Analysis Journal, 20, 214–220.
3.
BeckA. T. (1976). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York: International Universities Press.
4.
BerneE. (1961). Transactional analysis in psychotherapy: A systematic individual and social psychiatry. New York: Grove Press.
5.
BerneE. (1966). Principles of group treatment. New York: Grove Press.
6.
BerneE. (1968). Games people play: The psychology of human relationships. New York: Grove Press.
7.
BerneE. (1970). Sprechstunden für die seele [A layman's guide to psychiatry and psychoanalysis]. Reinbeck bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, Rororo. (Original work published 1947 as The mind in action)
8.
BerneE. (1972). What do you say after you say hello: The psychology of human destiny. New York: Grove Press.
9.
BerneE. (1977). Ego states in psychotherapy. In BerneE., Intuition and ego states: The origins of transactional analysis (McCormickP., Ed.) (pp. 121–144). San Francisco: TA Press. (Original work published 1957)
10.
BlackstoneP. (1993). The dynamic child: Integration of second-order structure, object relations, and self psychology. Transactional Analysis Journal, 23, 216–234.
11.
BlanckG.BlanckR. (1979). Ego psychology II: Psychoanalytic developmental psychology. New York: Columbia University Press.
12.
BlanckG.BlanckR. (1985). Angewandte ich-psychologie [Ego psychology: Theory & practice] (WellerH., Trans). Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta. (Original work published 1974)
13.
BollasC. (1979). The transformational object. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 60, 97–107.
14.
BollasC. (1987). The shadow of the object: Psychoanalysis of the unthought known. New York: Columbia University Press.
15.
BowlbyJ. (1969). Attachment: Vol. I of attachment and loss. New York. Basic Books.
16.
BowlbyJ. (1973). Separation: Anxiety and Anger: Vol. II of attachment and loss. New York. Basic Books.
17.
BowlbyJ. (1980). Loss: Sadness and depression: Vol. III of attachment and loss. New York. Basic Books.
18.
Christoph-LemkeC. (1990). Psychologische spiele-eine erweiterte betrachtung [Psychological games: An extended view]. In SellM. (Ed.), Kongreßbeiträge, 10. Kongreß der DGTA (pp. 106–126). Hannover: INITA. (Available from INITA, Langensalzastreet 3/5, 30169-Hannover, Germany)
Christoph-LemkeC. (1991b). Psychotherapie mit den verinnerlichten eltern [Psychotherapy with the parent ego state]. In SellM. (Ed.), Symposium 1991: Geschichte und transaktionsanalyse (pp. 90–108). Hannover: INITA. (Available from INITA, Langensalzastr. 30169-Hannover, Germany)
21.
Christoph-LemkeC. (1994, January). Relationship impasses. Presentation given at the conference of the International Transactional Analysis Association, Aruba.
22.
Christoph-LemkeC. (1998, August). Beyond formula G. Presentation given at the Second Major International Transactional Conference, Zürich.
23.
Christoph-LemkeC.RathI.SpringerG. (1995). Das paradigma der tiefenpsychologischen transaktionsanalyse [The paradigm of depth-psychological transactional analysis]. Journal für Tiefenpsychologische Transaktionsanalyse, 1(1), 9–39. (Available from OATA Scherestrasse 17, A-4840 Vocklabruck, Germany)
24.
Christoph-LemkeC.WeilT. (1997). Diskussionsbeitrag zu: Was ist transaktionsanalyse? von L. Schlegel [Contribution to the discussion: What is transactional analysis? by L. Schlegel]. Zeitschrift für Transaktionsanalyse, 1–2(14), 43–55. (Publisher: Junfermann Verlag)
25.
ClarksonP. (1992). Transactional analysis psychotherapy. An integrated approach. London: Routledge.
26.
ClarksonP. (1995). The therapeutic relationship. London: Whurr Publishers.
27.
CornellW. F. (1988). Life script theory: A critical review from a developmental perspective. Transactional Analysis Journal, 18270–282.
28.
DashiellS. R. (1978). The parent resolution process: Reprogramming psychic incorporations in the parent. Transactional Analysis Journal, 10, 289–294.
29.
EnglishF. (1969). Episcript and the “hot potato” game. Transactional Analysis Bulletin, 8(32), 77–82.
30.
EnglishF. (1971). The substitution factor: Rackets and real feelings, Part I. Transactional Analysis Journal, 1(2), 27–32.
31.
EnglishF. (1972). Rackets and real feelings, Part II. Transactional Analysis Journal, 2(1), 23–25.
32.
EnglishF. (1976). Aus meiner eigenen analyse: Zur verbindung von TA und gestalttherapie [From my own analysis: The combination of TA and gestalt therapy]. In EnglishF., Transaktionsanalyse (pp. 215–232). Hamburg: ISKO Press.
33.
ErskineR. G. (1975). The ABC's of effective psychotherapy. Transactional Analysis Journal, 5, 163–165.
34.
ErskineR. G. (1980). Script cure: Behavioral, intrapsychic, and physiological. Transactional Analysis Journal, 10, 102–106.
35.
ErskineR. G. (1982). Transactional analysis and family therapy. In HorneA. M.OhlsenM. M. (Eds.), Family counseling and therapy (pp. 245–275). Itasca, IL: F. E. Peacock.
36.
ErskineR. G. (1987). A structural analysis of ego: Eric Berne's contribution to the theory of psychotherapy. In StewartI. (Ed.), Keynote speeches: Delivered at the EATA Conference, July 1986, Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands (pp. 4–5). Geneva: European Association for Transactional Analysis.
37.
ErskineR. G. (1988). Ego structure, intrapsychic function, and defense mechanisms: A commentary on Eric Berne's original theoretical concepts. Transactional Analysis Journal, 18, 15–19.
38.
ErskineR. G. (1991). Transference and transactions: Critique from an intrapsychic and integrative perspective. Transactional Analysis Journal, 21, 63–76.
39.
ErskineR. G. (1993). Inquiry, attunement, and involvement in the psychotherapy of dissociation. Transactional Analysis Journal, 23, 184–190.
40.
ErskineR. G.MoursundJ. P. (1988). Integrative psychotherapy in action. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
41.
ErskineR. G.TrautmannR. L. (1993). The process of integrative psychotherapy. In LoriaB. R. (Ed.), The boardwalk papers: Selections from the 1993 eastern regional transactional analysis association conference (pp. 1–26). Madison, WI: Omnipress.
42.
ErskineR. G.TrautmannR. L. (1996). Methods of an integrative psychotherapy. Transactional Analysis Journal, 26, 316–328.
43.
ErskineR. G.ZalcmanM. (1979). The racket system: A model for racket analysis. Transactional Analysis Journal, 9, 51–59.
44.
FairbairnW. R. D. (1952). An object-relations theory of the personality. New York: Basic Books.
45.
FedernP. (1956). Ego psychology and the psychoses (WeissE., Ed.). New York: Basic Books.
46.
FreudS. (1912). Zur dynamik der übertragung [The dynamic of the transference]. In Gesammelte Werke., Band. VIII (pp. 363ff). Frankfurt/Main. S. Fischer.
47.
FreudS. (1982). Das ich und das es [The ego and the id]. Gesammelte Werke. Studienausgabe Band. III (pp. 283–315). Frankfurt: S. Fischer. (Original work published 1923)
48.
GouldingM. M.GouldingR. L. (1979). Changing lives through redecision therapy. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
GouldingR. L.GouldingM. M. (1976). Injunctions, decisions and redecisions. Transactional Analysis Journal, 6, 41–48.
51.
GröbenN.WestermeyerH. (1981). Kriterien psychologischer forschung. [Criteria for psychological research] (2nd ed). München: Juventa. (Original work published 1975)
52.
GuntripH. (1971). Psychoanalytic theory, therapy and the self. New York: Basic Books.
53.
HagehülsmannH. (1989). Das menschenbild in der transaktions-analyse [The view of man in transactional analysis]. In GrieveW., Das bild vom menschen in der neuen gruppenarbeit. Loccum: Loccumer Protokolle, No. 22, 1988.
54.
HartmannH. (1972). Ich-psychologie [Ego psychology]. Stuttgart: Klett-Verlag, (Original work published 1964)
55.
HaykinM. D. (1980). Type casting: The influence of early childhood experience upon the structure of the child ego state. Transactional Analysis Journal, 10, 354–364.
56.
HerzogW. (1982). Die wissenschaftstheoretische problematik der integration psychotherapeutischer methoden [The problem of integration of psychotherapeutic methods concerning scientific theory]. In PetzoldH. (Ed.,), Methodenintegration in der psychotherapie (pp. 9–29). Paderborn: Junfermann.
57.
HineJ. (1990). The bilateral and ongoing nature of games. Transactional Analysis Journal, 12, 28–39.
58.
JamesM., and Contributors. (1977). Techniques in transactional analysis for psychotherapists and counselors. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
59.
JamesM.JongewardD. (1971). Born to win: Transactional analysis with gestalt experiments. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
60.
KahlerT.CapersH. (1974). The miniscript. Transactional Analysis Journal, 4(1), 26–42
61.
KohutH. (1971). The analysis of the self. A systematic approach to the psychoanalytic treatment of narcissistic personality disorder. New York: International Universities Press.
62.
KohutH. (1977). The restoration of the self. New York: International Universities Press.
63.
KörnerJ. (1989). Arbeit an der übertragung? Arbeit in der übertragung [Working at the transference and working with the transference]. Forum der Psychoanalyse., 5209–223
64.
KuhnT. S. (1976). The structure of scientific revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
65.
LoriaB. R. (1988). The parent ego state: Theoretical foundations and alterations. Transactional Analysis Journal, 1839–46.
66.
LoriaB. R. (1990). Epistemology and reification of metaphor in transactional analysis. Transactional Analysis Journal, 20163–165.
67.
MaherB. A. (1985). Underpinnings of today's chaotic diversity. Newsletter of Paradigmatic Psychology, I, 17–19.
68.
MahoneyM. J. (1974). Cognition and behavior modification. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger Publishing.
69.
MasseyR. F. (1989). Systemic contexts for children's scripting. Transactional Analysis Journal, 19, 186–193.
70.
MasseyR. F. (1990). Berne's transactional analysis as a neo-Freudian neo-Adlerian perspective. Transactional Analysis Journal, 20173–186.
71.
McNeelJ. (1976). The parent interview. Transactional Analysis Journal, 6, 61–68.
72.
MeichenbaumD. W. (1977). Cognitive behavioral modification. New York: Plenum Press.
73.
MellorK.AndrewarthaG. (1980a). Reparenting the parent in support of redecisions. Transactional Analysis Journal, 10, 197–203.
74.
MellorK.AndrewarthaG. (1980b). Reframing and the integrated use of redeciding and reparenting. Transactional Analysis Journal, 10, 204–212
75.
MentzosS. (1994) Interpersonale und institutionalisierte abwehr [Interpersonal and institutionalized defense]. Suhrkamp Taschenbuch Wissenschaft. 3. erweiterte Neuausgabe.
76.
MoisoC., (1985). Ego states and transference. Transactional Analysis Journal, 15194–201.
77.
MoserT. (1994). Zu viele therapien, zu wenig integration [Too many therapies, not much integration]. Integrative Therapie 1–2, 5–22. (Publisher: Junfermann Verlag)
78.
NorcrossJ. C. (1995). Psychotherapie-integration in den USA [Psychotherapy integration in the USA], Integrative Therapie, 1(21), 7–45. (Publisher: Junfermann Verlag)
79.
NorcrossJ. C.ArccosH. (1992). The evolution and current status of psychotherapy integration. In DrydenW. (Ed.), Integrative and eclectic psychotherapy: A handbook. London: Open University Press.
80.
NorcrossJ. C.ProchaskaJ. O.DiClementeC. C. (1994). Changing for good. New York: W. Morrow.
81.
PerlsF. (1944). Ego, hunger and aggression: A revision of Freud's theory and method. Durban, R.A.: Knox Publishing.
82.
PerlsF.HefferlineR. F.GoodmanP. (1951). Gestalt therapy: Excitement and growth in the human personality. New York: Julian Press.
83.
PetzoldH. (1976). Die verbindung von transaktionaler analyse: Kreativen medien und TA-psychodrama [The combination of transactional analysis, creative media, and TA-psychodrama]. Partnerberatung (all issues for the year), 175 ff.
SchlegelL. (1979). Die transaktionsanalyse nach Eric Berne und seinen schülern [The transactional analysis of Eric Berne and his pupils] (Vol. 5 of Grudriß der tiefenpsychologie). München: UTB Franke Verlag.
SchlegelL. (1997). Was ist Transaktionsanalyse? [What is transactional analysis?]Zeitschrift für Transakionsanalyse, 1–2,(14), 5–30. (Publisher: Junfermann Verlag)
92.
SchlegelL. (1998). Verfahren kognitiver psychotherapie im vergleich mit in der transaktionsanalytischen praxis gebräuchlichen verfahren [A comparison between methods of cognitive therapy and methods used in transactional analysis]. Zeitschrift für Transaktionsanalyse, 1–2(15), 5–54. (Publisher: Junfermann Verlag)
93.
SchmidB. A. (1986). Systemische transaktionsanalyse [Systemic transactional analysis]. Wiesloch: Author.
94.
SellM., (1990). Von den ich-zuständen zu den ichorganen [From ego states to ego organs]. In SellM. (Ed.), Lesebuch, zusammenstellungen von kongreßbeiträgen des 10. Kongresses der DGTA (pp. 41–56). Hannover: INITA. (Available from INITA, Langensalza St. 3/5, 30169-Hannover, Germany)
95.
ShmuklerD. (1991). Transference and transactions: Perspectives from developmental theory, object relations, and transformational process. Transactional Analysis Journal, 21, 127–135.
96.
SternD. N. (1985). The interpersonal world of the infant: A view from psychoanalysis and developmental psychology. New York: Basic Books.
97.
TextorM. R. (1988). Psychotherapie—Charakteristika und neue entwicklungen [Psychotherapy: Characteristics and new developments]. Integrative Therapie, 14(A), 269–280. (Publisher: Junfermann Verlag)
98.
WagnerR. F. (1995). Ein metatheoretisches rahmenmodell psycho-therapeutischer theorien. Konsequenzen für menschenbild und therapie der verhaltenstherapie [A metatheoretical frame for psychotherapeutic theories. Consequences for menschenbild and the therapy of behavior therapy]Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie, Psychopathologie und Psychotherapie, 3(43), 185–199. (Publisher: Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh)
99.
WeilT. (1991, January). Das racket system ein kybernetisches modell des wiederholungszwanges [The racket system: A cybernetic model of repetition compulsion]. Seminar: sponsored by the Institut für Transaktionsanalyse und Integrative Tiefenpsychologie, Kassel, Germany.
100.
WeissE. (1950). Principles of psychodynamics. New York: Grune & Stratton.
101.
WinnicottD. W. (1965). The maturational process and the facilitating environment: Studies in the theory of emotional development. New York: International Universities Press.
102.
ZalcmanM. J. (1987). Game analysis and racket analysis. In StewartI. (Ed.), Keynote speeches: Delivered at the EATA Conference, July 1986, Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands (pp. 11–14). Geneva: European Association for Transactional Analysis.
103.
ZalcmanM. J. (1990). Game analysis and racket analysis: Overview, critique, and future developments. Transactional Analysis Journal, 20, 4–19.
