This article discusses the usefulness of supervisors and supervisees focusing their attention on different levels of the therapeutic process. Five levels of attention are identified: the micro, sessional, thematic, macro, and supervisory relationship. The thematic level can be viewed both historically and in terms of future treatment planning. In considering the supervisory relationship, three aspects of parallel process are identified.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
BerneE. (1966). Principles of group treatment. London: OU Press.
2.
BlocherD. H. (1983). Toward a cognitive developmental approach to counseling supervision. The Counseling Psychologist, 11(1), 27–34.
3.
BordersL. D. (1989). Developmental cognitions of first practicum supervisees. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36(2), 163–169.
4.
BordinE. S. (1983). A working alliance based model of supervision. The Counseling Psychologist, 11(1), 35–42.
5.
BradleyL. J. (1989). Counselor supervision. Muncie, IN: Accelerated Development.
6.
CaligorL. (1981). Parallel and reciprocal processes in psychoanalytic supervision. Contemporary Psychoanalysis, 17, 1–27.
7.
CarrollM. (1996). Counselling supervision: Theory skills and practice. London: Cassell.
8.
ClarksonP. (1991). Further through the looking glass: Transference, countertransference, and parallel process in psychotherapy. Transactional Analysis Journal, 21, 174–183.
9.
ClarksonP., & GilbertM. (1991). The training of counsellor trainers and supervisors. In DrydenW. (Ed.), Training and supervision for counselling in action (pp. 143–169). London. Sage.
10.
CohenL. (1980). The new supervisee views supervision. In HessA. K. (Ed.), Psychotherapy supervision (pp. 162–175). New York: Wiley.
11.
CornellW., & ZalcmanM. (1983). A bilateral model for clinical supervision. Transactional Analysis Journal, 13, 112–123.
12.
DoehrmanM. J. G. (1976). Parallel process in supervision and psychotherapy. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 40, part 1, 9–104.
13.
EksteinR., & WallersteinR. S. (1972). The teaching and learning of psychotherapy. New York: International Universities Press.
14.
EnglishF. (1969). Episcript and the “hot potato” game. Transactional Analysis Bulletin, 8(32), 77–82.
15.
ErskineR. (1982). Supervision of psychotherapy: Models for professional development. Transactional Analysis Journal, 12, 14–321.
FisherB. L. (1989). Differences between supervision of beginning and advanced therapists: Hogan's hypothesis empirically revisited. The Clinical Supervisor, 7, 57–74.
18.
FriedlanderS. R., & DyeN. W. (1984). A developmental model for the teaching and learning in psychotherapy supervision. Psychotherapy, 21(2), 189–196.
19.
FriedmanD., & KaslowN. J. (1986). The development of professional identity in psychotherapists: Six stages in the supervision process. The Clinical Supervisor, 4, 29–49.
20.
GedimanH. K., & WolkenfeldF. (1980). The parallelism phenomenon in psychoanalysis and supervision: Its reconsideration as a triadic system. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 49, 234–255.
21.
GouldingR. L., & GouldingM. M. (1978). The power is in the patient: A TA/gestalt approach to psychotherapy. San Francisco: TA Press.
22.
GrayA., & FiscaliniJ. (1987). Parallel process as transference. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 4(2), 131–144.
23.
HawkinsP., & ShohetR. (1989). Supervision in the helping professions. London: OU Press.
24.
HeppnerP. P., & RoehlkeH. J. (1984). Differences among supervisees at different levels of training: Implications for a developmental level of supervision. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31(1), 76–90.
25.
HoganR. (1964). Issues and approaches in supervision. Psychotherapy Research, Theory, and Practice, 1, 173–176.
26.
HollowayE. (1987). Developmental models of supervision: Is it developmental?Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 18(3), 209–216.
27.
HollowayE. (1995). Clinical supervision: A systems approach. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
28.
HoraT. (1957). Contribution to the phenomenology of the supervisory process. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 11, 766–773.
29.
JamesM., and Contributors. (1977). Techniques in transactional analysis for psychotherapists and counselors. London: Addison-Wesley.
30.
KaganN. (1980). Influencing human interaction—18 years of the IPR. In HessA. K. (Ed.), Psychotherapy supervision: Theory research and practice (pp. 262–284). New York: Wiley.
31.
KareemJ. (1992). The NAFSIYAT intercultural therapy centre: Ideas and experience in intercultural therapy. In KareemJ. & LittlewoodR., Intercultural therapy (pp. 14–37). London: Blackwell.
KellB. L., & MuellerW. J. (1966). Impact and change: A study of counseling relationships. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
34.
LedermanS. (1982). A contribution to the theory and practice of supervision. Psychoanalytic Review, 69, 423–434.
35.
LewinK. (1951). Field theory in social science: Selected theoretical papers. New York: Harper & Row.
36.
LittrellJ. M., Lee-BordenN., & LorenzJ. (1979). Developmental framework for counseling supervision. Counselor Education and Supervision, 19, 129–136.
37.
MarsellaA., & PedersonP. (Eds.). (1981). Cross cultural counseling and psychotherapy. New York: Pergamon.
38.
MasseyR. F. (1989a). Integrating systems theory and TA in couples therapy. Transactional Analysis Journal, 19, 148–158.
39.
MasseyR. F. (1989b). Script theory synthesized systemically. Transactional Analysis Journal, 19, 14–25.
40.
MasseyR. F. (1989c). Systemic contexts for children's scripting. Transactional Analysis Journal, 19, 186–193.
41.
MasseyR. F. (1991). The evolution of perspectives on transference in relation to transactional analysis. Transactional Analysis Journal, 21, 155–169.
42.
MartinsonJ. (1975). The reflection process in casework supervision. London: Institue of Marital Studies
43.
MatzeM. G. (1988). Reciprocity in script formation: A revision of the concept of symbiosis. Transactional Analysis Journal, 18, 304–308.
44.
MatzeM. G. (1991). Commentary on transactions in the context of transference. Transactional Analysis Journal, 21, 141–143.
45.
MooreJ. (1991). On being a supervisee. In MeamsD. & DrydenW. (Eds.), Experiences of counselling in action (pp. 129–142). London: Sage.
46.
NelsonG. (1978). Psychotherapy supervision from the trainees point of view: A survey of preferences. Professional Psychology, 9, 539–550.
47.
ParlettM. (1991a, April). Reflections on field theory. Plenary lecture at 4th British Gestalt Conference, Nottingham, England.
48.
ParlettM. (1991b). Reflections on field theory. British Gestalt Journal, 1(2), 16–22.
49.
PiagetJ. (1954). The construction of reality in the child. New York: Basic Books.
50.
ReisingG.N., & DanielsM. H. (1983). A study of Hogan's model of counselor development and supervision. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 30, 235–244.
51.
RobinsonW. L. (1974). Conscious competency: The mark of a competent instructor. Personnel Journal, 53, 538–539.
52.
SachsD. M., & ShapiroS. H. (1976). On parallel processes in therapy and teaching. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 45, 394–415.
53.
SearlesH. F. (1955). The informational value of the supervisor's emotional experience. In SearlesH. F., Collected papers on schizophrenia and related subjects (pp. 135–146). London: Hogarth Press.
54.
SkovholtT. M., & RonnestadM. H. (1992). The evolving professional self: Stages and themes in therapist and counselor development. New York: Wiley.
55.
StoltenburgC. D., & DelworthU. (1987). Supervising counselors and therapists. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
56.
WatkinsC. E. (1990). Development of the psychotherapy supervisor. Psychotherapy, 27(4), 553–560.
57.
WoollamsS., & BrownM. (1978). Transactional analysis. Dexter, MI: Huron Valley Institute.
58.
WorthingtonE. L. (1987). Changes in supervision as counselors and supervisors gain experience: A review. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 18, 189–208.