The author presents an overview of the theory and processes involved in transactional analysis and shows that it is characterized above all by a creative combination of cognitive-behavioral and psychodynamic therapy. He describes how transactional analysis emphasizes a contractual orientation as well as a decisional orientation, insight as well as behavioral change, and therapeutic processes that encourage corrective emotional experiences.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AdlerA. (1974). Individualpsychologische behandlung der neurosen. In AdlerA., Praxis u. theorie der individualpsycholgie (pp. 48–66). Frankfort am Main (D): Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag. (Original work published 1913)
2.
AlexanderF., & FrenchT. (1946). Psychoanalytic therapy. New York: Ronald Press.
3.
AlexanderF. G., & SelsnickS. T. (1969). Geschichte der psychiatrie [History of psychiatry]. Zürich: Diana.
4.
BeckA. (1979). Wahnehmung der wirklichkeit und neurose. Kognitive psychotherapie emotionaler störungen [Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders]. München: Pfeiffer. (Original work published 1976)
5.
BerneE. (1966a). Principles of group treatment. New York: Oxford University Press.
6.
BerneE. (1966b). Recent advances in transactional analysis. Current Psychiatric Therapy, 6, 114–124.
7.
BerneE. (1967). Games people play: The psychology of human relationships. New York: Grove Press. (Original work published 1964)
8.
BerneE. (1968). A layman's guide to psychiatry and psychoanalysis. New York: Simon & Schuster. (Original work published 1947 as The mind in action)
9.
BerneE. (1971a). Away from a theory of the impact of interpersonal interaction on non-verbal participation. Transactional Analysis Journal, 1(1), 6–13.
10.
BerneE. (1971b). Sex in human loving. New York: Basic Books. (Original work published 1970)
11.
BerneE. (1973a). The structure and dynamics of organizations and groups. New York: Ballantine. (Original work published 1963)
12.
BerneE. (1973b). Transactional analysis in psychotherapy: A systematic individual and social psychiatry. New York: Ballantine. (Original work published 1961)
13.
BerneE. (1973c). What do you say after you say hello: The psychology of human destiny. New York: Bantam. (Original work published 1972)
14.
BerneE. (1977a). Ego states in psychotherapy. In BerneE., Intuition and ego states: The origins of transactional analysis (McCormickP., Ed.) (pp. 121–144). San Francisco: TA Press. (Original work published 1957)
15.
BerneE. (1977b). Transactional analysis. A new and effective method of group analysis. In BerneE., Intuition and ego states: The origins of transactional analysis (McCormickP., Ed.) (pp. 145–158). San Francisco: TA Press. (Original work published 1958)
16.
BreuerJ., & FreudS. (1991). Studien über hysterie [Studies about hysteria]. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag. (Original work published 1895) The chapters by Freud also in Freud, S., Ges. W. Bd. 1.
17.
BuberM. (1966). Ich und du [I and thou]. Köln: Hegner. (Original work published 1923)
18.
ClarksonP.FishS. (1988). Rechilding: Creating a new past in the present as a support for the future. Transactional Analysis Journal, 18, 51–59.
CremeriusI. (1979). Gibt es zwei analytische techniken? [Are there two analytic techniques?]. Psyche, 33, 577–599.
21.
DashiellS. R. (1978). The parent resolution process: Reprogramming psychic incorporations in the parent. Transactional Analysis Journal, 8, 289–294.
22.
DieckmannH. (1966). Märchen und träume als heIfer des menschen [Fairy tales and dreams as helper for man]. Stuttgart: Bonz.
23.
DieckmannH. (1968). Das lieblingsmärchen in der kindheit als therapeutischer faktor in der analyse [The favorite fairy tale in childhood as therapeutic factor in analysis]. Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie, Jg.7, H. 8.
DusayJ. M. (1968). Transactional analysis. In BerneE., A layman's guide to psychiatry and psychoanalysis (3rd ed. rev.) (pp. 277–306). New York: Simon & Schuster.
26.
DusayJ. M., & SteinerC. (1971). Transactional analysis in groups. In HaroldI. & SadockJ. (Eds.), Comprehensive group therapy (pp. 198–240). Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.
27.
EllisA. (1993). Die rational-emotive therapie [Reason and emotion in psychotherapy]. München: Pfeiffer. (Original work published 1962)
28.
EnglishF. (1976). Description of script and three story exercise (getting into your script). In EnglishF., Selected articles (pp. 228–232). Philadelphia: Eastern Institute for TA and Gestalt.
29.
EnglishF. (1980). Aus meiner eigenen analyse: Zur verbindung von TA und gestalttherapie [Out of my own analysis: About the connection of TA and gestalt]. In EnglishF., Transaktionsanalyse und skriptanalyse (pp. 215–232). Hamburg: ISKO Press.
30.
ErskineR. G., & MoursundJ. P. (1988). Integrative psychotherapy in action. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
31.
FenichelO. (1945). The psychoanalytic theory of neuroses. New York: Norton.
32.
FiedlerP. A. (1979). Diagnostische und therapeutische verwerbarkeit kognitiver verhaltensanteile [Diagnostic and therapeutic usefulness of behavior patterns]. In HoffmanN. (Ed.), Grundlagen kognitiver psychotherapie [Basis of cognitive psychotherapy] (pp. 205–251). Bern/Stuttgart/Wien: Huber.
33.
FiedlerP. (1995). Grundkonzepte der psychotherapie von persönlichkeitsstörungen [The basic concepts of the psychotherapy of disturbed personalities]. Lecture at the psychiatric clinic in Zürich.
34.
FreudS. (1895). Lucy R., Elisabeth v. R. Ges. W. Bd. I. (pp.163–185; 196–226). Frankfurt am Main: Fischer.
35.
FreudS. (1933). Das ich und das es [The ego and the id]. Ges. W. Bd. XIII (pp. 235–289). Frankfurt am Main: Fischer.
36.
FreudS. (1937). Konstruktionen in der analys. Ges. W. Bd., XVI (pp. 41–56). Frankfurt am Main: Fischer.
37.
GouldingM. M., & GouldingR. L. (1979). Changing lives through redecision therapy. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
38.
GouldingR. L., & GouldingM. M. (1978). The power is in the patient: A TA/gestalt approach to psychotherapy. San Francisco: TA Press.
39.
GraweK., DonatiR., & BernauerF. (1994). Psychotherapie im wandel [Psychotherapy in transformation]. Göttingen: Hogrefe.
HoffmanS. O. (1979). Charakter und neurose [Character and neuroses]. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
45.
HollowayW. H. (1973). Clinical transactional analysis with use of the life script questionnaire. Akron, OH: Midwest Institute for Human Understanding.
46.
JamesM., & JongewardD. (1978). Born to win: Transactional analysis with gestalt experiments. New York: The New American Library. (Original work published 1971).
47.
JaspersK. (1946). Allgemeine psychopathologie [General psychopathology]. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer. (Revised edition of the original work from 1913)
48.
KächeleH. (1985). Was ist psychodynamische kurztherapie? [What is psychodynamic short-term therapy?]. Praxis der Psychotherapies und Psychosomatik, 30, 119–127.
49.
KahlerT. (1978). Transactional analysis revisited: Scripting, treatment, and communication techniques. Little Rock, AR: Human Development Publications.
50.
KahlerT.CapersH. (1974). The miniscript. Transactional Analysis Journal, 4(1), 26–42.
51.
KünkelF. (1944). Einführung in die charakterkunde [Introduction to the science of character]. Leipzig: Hirzel. (Original work published 1928)
52.
LazarusA. (1977). In the mind's eye. New York: Rawson.
53.
LazarusA., & FayA. (1975). I can if I want to. New York: William Morrow
54.
LückertH.-R., & LückertJ. (1994). Einführung in die kognitive verhaltenstherapie [Introduction to cognitive behavior therapy]. München: Ernst Reinhardt.
55.
MandelA., MandelK. H., StadterE., & ZimmerD. (1971). Einübung in partnerschaft durch kommunikationstraining und verhaltentherapie [Training in partnership by communication therapy and behavior therapy]. München: Pfeiffer.
56.
McCormickP. (1971). Guide for use of a life-script questionnaire in transactional analysis. San Francisco: Transactional Pubs.
57.
McNeelJ. (1976). The parent interview. Transactional Analysis Journal, 6, 61–68.
58.
MellorK., & AndrewarthaG. (1980). Reparenting the parent in support of redecisions. Transactional Analysis Journal, 10, 197–203.
MenningerK. A., & HolzmanP. (1973). Theory of psychoanalytic technique. New York: Basic Books. (Revised edition of the original work published 1958)
61.
MertensW. (1992). Einführung in die psychoanalytische therapie [Introduction to psychoanalytic therapy]. Stuttgart/Berlin/Köln: Kohlhammer. (Revised edition of the original work published 1990)
62.
QuekelbergheR. V. (Ed.). (1979). Modelle kognitiver therapien [Models of cognitive therapy]. München: Urban & Schwarzenberg.
63.
SandlerJ., & SandlerA.-M. (1984). The past unconscience and the interpretation of transference. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 4, 367–399.
64.
SatirV., & Englander-GoldenP. (1990). Say it straight. Palo Alto, CA: Science and Behavior Books.
65.
SchiffJ.SchiffA. W., MellorK., SchiffE., SchiffS., RichmanD., FishmanJ., WolzL., FishmanC., & MombD. (1975). Cathexis reader: Transactional analysis treatment of psychosis. New York: Harper & Row.
66.
SchimelJ. L. (1974). Dialogic analysis of the obsessional. Contemporary Psychoanalysis, 10, 97–101. Cited also in HoffmannS. O. (Ed.), (1979), Charakter und Neurose. Frankfurt am Main:: Suhrkamp, p. 312.
67.
SchlegelL. (1959). Gesichtspunkte zur psychotherapeutischen bedeutung leiblicher übungen [Viewpoints to the importance of bodily exercises]. Schweizerisches Archiv für Neurologie und Psychiatrie83, 284–298.
68.
SchlegelL. (1995). Die transaktionale analyse [Transactional analysis]. Tübingen/Basel: Francke. (Revised edition from the original work published 1979)
69.
SchlegelL. (1997). Überblick über bewährte psychotherapeutische verfahren und ihre beziehung zur transactions analyse als einer richtungsübergreifenden psychotherapies [General overview of approved psychotherapeutic methods and their relationship to transactional analysis as a subsumptive psychotherapy]. Frauenfeld, Switzerland: Author.
70.
SchultzJ. H. (1953). Arzt und neurose [Physician and neuroses]. Stuttgart: Thieme. (Revised edition from original work published 1936)
71.
v. ThunF. Schultz (1981). Miteinander reden [How to communicate constructively]. Bd. 1. Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt.
72.
SheikinD. (1971). Self understanding. Worthington OH: Ann Arbor Publishers.
73.
SimonF. B., & StierlinH. (1984). Die sprache der familientherapie [The language of family therapy]Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta.
74.
SteinerC. M. (1975). Scripts people live: Transactional analysis of life scripts. New York: Bantam Books. (Original work published 1974)
75.
StewartI., & JoinesV. (1987). TA today: A new introduction to transactional analysis. Nottingham, England, and Chapel Hill, NC: Lifespace Publishing.
76.
StierlinH. (1980). Das erste familiengespräch [The first conversation with the family]. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta. (Original work published 1977)
ThomäH. (1983). Erleben und einsicht im stammbaum psychoanalytischer technik und der Neubeginn als synthese im Hier und Jetzt [Experience and insight in the history of psychoanalytic technique and the new beginning as a synthesis in the here and now]. In HoffmannS. O. (Ed.), Deutung und beziehung (pp. 17–43). Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag.
79.
UllrichR., & de MuynckR. (1998). ATP: Anleitung für den therapeuten: Einübung von selbstvertrauen und soziales kompetenz [Instruction for the therapist: Training in self-confidence and social competence]. München: Pfeiffer.
80.
WoollamsS., & BrownM. (1978). Transactional analysis. Dexter, MI: Huron Valley Institute Press.
81.
YapkoM. D. (1994, April). Ein interview mit Albert Ellis [An interview with Albert Ellis]. Informationsblatt der Milton Erickson gesellschaft für klinische hypnose, 19, 7–14.