This article examines the epistemological methods of rationalism, empiricism, and intuitionism with regard to their use during three periods of history: 1) until the sixteenth century, 2) from the seventeenth to the twentieth century, and 3) the second half of the twentieth century. It emphasizes the importance of clarifying underlying epistemological differences among 1) psychological theories and methods, 2) worldviews influencing patients, and 3) assumptions of which psychotherapists are not aware but which they bring to therapy sessions.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
BarbourI. G. (1990). Religion in an age of science.San Francisco: Harper & Row.
2.
BatesonG. (1972). Steps to an ecology of mind: Collected essays in anthropology, psychiatry, evolution, and epistemology.New York: Ballantine Books.
3.
EfranJ. S.LukensM. D.LukensR. J. (1990). Language, structure, and change: Frameworks of meaning in psychotherapy.New York: Norton.
4.
DostoevskyF. (1992). Crime and punishment (PevearR.VolokhonskyL., Trans.). New York: Alfred Knopf. (Original work published 1866).
5.
GillmanN. (1994). When the messiah dies. Sh'ma: A Journal of Jewish Responsibility, 25(48), 1–3.
6.
GoldsteinM.GoldsteinI. F. (1978). How we know: An exploration of the scientific process.New York: Plenum Press.
7.
Hampden-TurnerC. (1981). Maps of the mind.New York: Collier Books.
8.
HarmanW. W. (1988). Global mind change.Indianapolis: Knowledge Systems.
9.
HarmanW. W. (1991). A reexamination of the metaphysical foundations of modern science: The promise of the last years of the twentieth century.Sausalito, CA: Institute of Noetic Sciences.
10.
HoltonG. (Ed.). (1967). Science and culture: A study of cohesive and disjunctive forces.Boston: Beacon Press.
11.
JonesW. T. (1952). John Locke: Political theory. In A history of western philosophy (Vol. 2). New York: Harcourt, Brace, & World.
12.
KaufmanW. (Ed.). (1968). Philosophic classics: Bacon to Kant. Immanuel Kant: Foundation for the metaphysics of morals.Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
13.
KuhnT. S. (1970). The structure of scientific revolution (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
14.
LeviA. W. (1957). Varieties of experience: An introduction to philosophy.New York: The Ronald Press.
15.
LoriaB. R. (1991). Integrative family therapy: A constructivist perspective. In LoriaB. R. (Ed.), The Stamford papers: Selections from the 29th annual ITAA conference (pp. 35–41). Madison, WI: Omnipress.
16.
OmsteinR. (1972). The psychology of consciousness.San Fransisco: W. H. Freeman.
17.
PopperK. R. (1965). Conjectures and refutations: The growth of scientific knowledge.New York: Basic Books.
18.
PrigogeneI.StengersI. (1984). Order out of chaos: Man's new dialogue with nature.New York: Bantam Books.
19.
RamseyP. (1970). The patient as person: Explorations in medical ethics.New Haven: Yale University Press.
20.
RussellB. (1945). A history of western philosophy, and its connection with political and social circumstances from the earliest times to the present day.New York: Simon & Schuster.
21.
StephensM. (1994, 23 October). The theologian of talk. Los Angeles Times Magazine, 26–28, 44–46.
22.
TartC. T. (1975a). States of consciousness.New York: Dutton.
23.
TartC. T. (Ed.). (1975b). Transpersonal psychologies.New York: Harper & Row.
24.
TartC. T. (Ed.). (1986). Waking up: Overcoming the obstacles to human potential.Boston: Shambhala.
25.
WeberR. (1978). A conversation with David Bohm. ReVision, 1(3/4).
26.
WeissL. (1991). Some implications for psychotherapy suggested by the “new sciences.” In LoriaB. R. (Ed.)., The Stamford papers: Selections from the 29th annual ITAA conference (pp. 42–46). Madison, WI: Omnipress.
27.
WilberK. (1990). Eye to eye: The quest for a new paradigm (Expanded ed.). Boston: Shambhala.
28.
ZerinE. (1989). Epistemology and psychotherapy. Transactional Analysis Journal, 1980–85.
