The authors review common usages of the term transference, offering a dermition and a delineation of four major types of transference and an outline of some major unresolved issues in this area. This is followed by a discussion of some of the problems that arise when transactional analysis adopts familiar object relations approaches to the phenomenon, however pragmatically useful, and the suggestion of an alternative approach in levels of differentiation of the archeopsyche. The authors suggest that the term transference be reserved for behavioral and experiential descriptions of certain transactions which distort perception, thinking, and expectations; that the concepts of psychic organs and the differentiation of the archeopsyche be utilized in theoretical descriptions of the underlying intrapsychic mechanisms; and that descriptive analyses of ego states and such terms as projection, introjection, and incorporation be used only as descriptions and metaphors.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AdlerG. (1980). Transference, real relationships and alliance. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 61, 541–558.
2.
AllenJ. R.AllenB. A. (1987). To make/find meaning: Notes on the last permission. Transactional Analysis Journal, 17, 72–82.
3.
AllenJ. R.AllenB. A. (1988). Scripts and permissions: Some unexamined assumptions and connotations. Transactional Analysis Journal, 18, 283–294.
4.
BergsonH. (1959). Oeuvres. Paris, Goutier.
5.
BerneE. (1957). Ego states in psychotherapy. The American Journal of Psychotherapy, 11, 293–309.
6.
BerneE. (1963). The structure and dynamics of organizations and groups. New York: Ballantine.
7.
BerneE. (1964). Games people play. New York: Grove Press.
8.
BlumG. (1981). A model of the mind. New York: John Wiley.
9.
BrennerC. (1982). The mind in conflict. New York: International Universities Press.
10.
BreuerJ.FreudS. (1955). Studies on hysteria. In StracheyJ. (Ed. and Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud. (Vol. 2, pp. 1–305). London: Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1895).
11.
ClarkB. D. (1991). Transference and empathic transactions. Transactional Analysis Journal, 21, 92–98.
12.
CornellW. F. (1988). Life script theory. Transactional Analysis Journal, 18, 270–83.
13.
DamonW.HartD. (1982). The development of self-understanding from infancy through adolescence. Child Development, 53, 841–864.
14.
EnglishF. (1971). The substitution factor: Rackets and real feelings. Transactional Analysis Journal, 1(4), 25–26.
15.
EriksonE. (1950). Childhood and society. New York: Norton.
16.
ErskineR. G. (1991). Transference and transactions: Critique from an intrapsychic and integrative perspective. Transactional Analysis Journal, 21, 63–76.
17.
EwingA. C. (1951). The fundamental questions of philosophy. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
18.
FairbairnW. R. D. (1952). Psychoanalytic studies of the personality. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
19.
FedernP. (1977). Ego psychology and the psychoses. London: Maresfield Reprints.
FoucaultM. (1973). The order of things. New York: Vintage.
22.
FreudS. (1955). Fragments of analysis of a case of hysteria. In StracheyJ. (Ed. and Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 7, pp. 7–122). London: Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1905).
23.
FreudS. (1955). The dynamics of transference. In StracheyJ. (Ed. and Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 12, pp. 99–108). London: Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1912).
24.
FreudS. (1955). Beyond the pleasure principle. In StracheyJ. (Ed. and Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 18, pp. 7–64). London: Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1920).
25.
FriedmanL. (1969). The therapeutic alliance. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 50, 139–153.
26.
GedoJ. (1981). Advances in clinical psychoanalysis. New York: International Universities Press.
27.
GillM. M. (1982). Analysis of transference (Vol. 1): Theory and technique. New York: International Universities Press.
28.
GillM. M.HoffmanI. Z. (1982). Analysis of transference. Vol. II: Studies on neuro audio recorded psychoanalytic sessions. New York: International Universities Press.
29.
GloverE. (1955). The techniques of psychoanalysis. New York: International Universities Press.
30.
GreensonR. R. (1965). The working alliance and the transference neurosis. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 34, 155–181.
31.
GreenspanS. (1989). The development of the ego. Madison, CT: International Universities Press.
32.
HartnerS. (1983). The development of the self-system. In HetheringtonE. (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology. Vol. 4: Social and personality development (pp. 230–280). New York: John Wiley.
33.
HegelG. W. F. (1969). Phenomenology of mind. (BaillieJ. B., Trans.). New York: Harper Torch Books. (Original work published 1892).
34.
HorowitzM. J. (1972). Modes of representations of thought. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 20, 793–819.
35.
HoytM.GouldingR.L. (1989). Resolution of a transference-countertransference impasse. Transactional Analysis Journal, 19, 201–211.
36.
IsenA. (1984). Toward understanding the role of affect In cognition. In WyerR. S.SrullT. K. (Eds.), Handbook of Social Cognition (Vol. 3, pp. 250–270). Hillsdale, NY: Lawrence Erlbaum.
37.
JaouiG. (1991). Transference process and transactional process. Transactional Analysis Journal, 21, 108–111.
38.
KantE. (1965). Critique of pure reason. (SmithN. K., Trans.). New York: St. Martin's Press. (Original work published 1781).
39.
KellyG. A. (1955). The psychology of personal constructs. New York: Norton.
40.
KernbergO. (1976). Object relations theory and clinical psychoanalysis. New York: Aaronson.
41.
KohutH. (1977). The restoration of the self. Madison, CT: International Universities Press.
42.
LivesleyW. J.BromlyD. B. (1973). Personperception in childhood and adolescence. London: John Wiley.
43.
LoriaB. (1988). The parent ego state: Theoretical foundations and alterations. Transactional Analysis Journal, 18, 34–46.
44.
MasseyR. F. (in press). Historical, existential and systemic dimensions of transference. Transactional Analysis Journal.
45.
MoisoC. (in press). The structure of ego states in transactional analysis proper. Transactional Analysis Journal.
46.
PynchonT. (1987). Gravity's rainbow. New York: Penguin.
47.
SandlerJ.KennedyH.TysonR. (1980). The technique of child analysis: Discussions with Anna Freud. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
48.
SartreJ. P. (1946). L'existentialisme est un humanisme. Paris, France: Nagel.
49.
SchimekJ. G. (1975). A critical re-examination of Freud's concept of unconscious mental representation. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 2, 171–187.
50.
SchmidB. (in press). Intuition of the possible and transactional creations of realities. Transactional Analysis Journal.
51.
SelmanR. L. (1980). The growth of interpersonal interaction. New York: Academic Press.
52.
ShantzC. U. (1983). Social cognition. In FlavellJ. H.MarkmanE. M. (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology (Vol. 3, pp. 495–555). New York: John Wiley.
53.
ShmuklerD. (in press). Transference and transactions. Transactional Analysis Journal.
54.
SingerJ. L. (1988). Reinterpreting the transference. In TurkD. C.SaloveyP. (Eds.), Reasoning, influence and judgement in clinical psychology (pp. 182–205). New York: Free Press.
55.
SpenceD. P. (1982). Narrative truth and historical truth. New York: Norton.
56.
SternD. N. (1983). The early development of schemata of self, other and “self with other”. In LichtenbergJ. D.KaplanS. (Eds.), Reflections on self psychology (pp. 210–270). Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic.
57.
SternD. N. (1985). The interpersonal world of the infant. New York: Basic Books.
58.
StolorowR. D.LachmannF. M. (1987). Psychoanalysis of developmental arrests: Theory and treatment. New York: International Universities Press.
59.
StolorowR. (1988). Transference and the therapeutic process. Psychoanalytic Review, 75, 245–253.
60.
TomkinsS. S. (1963). Affect, imagery, consciousness. Vol. 2. New York: Springer.
61.
VidermanS. (1979). The analytic space: Meaning and problems. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 48, 257–291.
62.
WatchelP. (1977). Psychoanalysis and behavior therapy. New York: Basic Books.
63.
WhiteA. R. (1970). Truth. New York: Doubleday (Anchor Books).
64.
WinnicottD. (1965). The theory of the parent-infant relationship. In The aturational processes and the facilitating environment (pp. 37–55). New York: International Universities Press.
