The conditions that facilitate the development and expression of play in children are examined, and the importance of the “holding environment” (Winnicott, 1971, p. 130) is highlighted. The authors' central thesis is that the experience of enough Free Child activity lays the foundation for the development of a healthy Adult. The clinical implications of this approach are related to Berne's (1962) description of the therapy process.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
BerneE. (1961). Transactional analysis in psychotherapy. New York: Ballantine Books.
2.
BerneE. (1962). In treatment. Transactional Analysis Bulletin, 1 (2), 10–11.
3.
ErskineR.ZalcmanM. (1979). The racket system. Transactional Analysis Journal, 9, 51–59.
4.
ErskineR.G. (1987). Ego structure, intrapsychic function, and defense mechanisms: An explanation of Eric Berne's original theoretical concepts. Unpublished manuscript.
5.
FreudA. (1946). The psycho-analytic treatment of children.London: Imago.
6.
FreudS. (1953). Formulations regarding the two principles In mental functioning. In RickmanJ. (Ed.), A general selection from the works of Sigmund Freud (pp. 45–53). London: Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1911).
7.
FreyburgJ.T. (1973). Increasing the imaginative play of urban disadvantaged kindergarten children through systematic training. In SingerJ.L., (ed.) The child's world of make-believe.New York: Academic Press.
8.
FriedmanM.J.ShmuklerD. (1982). An integration of major theoretical aspects of anxiety, creative behavior and rackets. Transactional Analysis Journal, 12, 147–152.
9.
KleinM. (1955). The psycho-analytic play technique. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 25, 223–237.
10.
PiagetJ. (1962). Plays, dreams and imitation in childhood.New York: Norton.
11.
ShmuklerD. (1985). Foundations of creativity: The facilitating environment. In FreemanJ. (Ed.), The psychology of gifted children (pp. 75–91). Chichester, England: Wiley and Sons.
12.
SingerJ.L. (1973). The child's world of make-believe.New York: Academic Press.
13.
SingerJ.L. (1976, July). Fantasy: The foundation of serenity. Psychology Today, pp. 32–37.
14.
UdwinO.ShmuklerD. (1981). The influence of sociocultural, economic and home background factors on children's ability to engage in imaginative play. Developmental Psychology, 17(1), 66–72.
15.
VygotskyL.S. (1966). Play and its role in mental development. Soviet Psychology, 12 (6), 62–76.
16.
WinnicottD.W. (1971). Playing and reality.Harmondsworth, England: Penguin.