Drawing from contemporary research on social-cognitive processes and schemas, Pio Scilligo introduced a social-cognitive perspective into his theory and practice of transactional analysis. His distinctive model and understanding of ego states represents a significant development of Berne's original ego states theory, useful both clinically and in research.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AndersenS. M.ChenS. (2002). The relational self: An interpersonal social-cognitive theory. Psychological Review, 109, 619–645.
2.
AndersonJ. R. (1983). The architecture of cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
3.
BaldwinM. W. (1992). Relational schemas and the processing of social information. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 461–484.
4.
BaldwinM. W. (1997). Relational schemas as a source of if-then self inference procedures. Review of General Psychology, 1, 326–335.
5.
BartlettF. C. (1932). Remembering: A study in experimental and social psychology. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
6.
BenjaminL. S. (1974). Structural analysis of social behavior (SASB). Psychological Review, 81, 392–425.
7.
BenjaminL. S. (1979). Structural analysis of differentiation failure. Psychiatry, 42, 1–23.
8.
BenjaminL. S. (1996). Interpersonal diagnosis and treatment of personality disorders (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
9.
BerneE. (1961). Transactional analysis in psychotherapy: A systematic individual and social psychiatry. New York, NY: Grove Press.
10.
BerneE. (1966). Principles of group treatment. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
11.
BianchiniS.BacaE.BastianelliL.CaizziD.CeridonoD.CottoneC.VasaleM. (2010, 10 July). The relations between ego states, injunctions, and counterinjunctions and attachment dimensions. Presentation at the European Association for Transactional Analysis Conference, Prague, Czech Republic.
12.
BorgattaE. F.CottrellL. S.MannJ. M. (1958). The spectrum of individual interaction characteristics: An interdimensional analysis. Psychological Reports, 4, 279–319.
13.
BowlbyJ. (1969). Attachment: Vol. 1 of Attachment and loss. New York, NY: Basic Books.
14.
BowlbyJ. (1973). Separation: Vol. 2 of Attachment and loss. New York, NY: Basic Books.
15.
BowlbyJ. (1980). Loss: Vol. 3 of Attachment and loss. New York, NY: Basic Books.
16.
ChenS.BoucherH. C.TapiasM. P. (2006). The relational self revealed: Integrative conceptualization and implications for interpersonal life. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 151–179.
17.
De LucaM. L. (2003). A few thoughts on psychotherapy research and TA. EATA Newsletter, 76, 15–19.
18.
FiskeS. T.LinvilleP. W. (1980). What does the schema concept buy us?. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 6, 543–557.
19.
FiskeS. T.TaylorS. E. (1984). Social cognition. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
20.
FoaU. G. (1961). Convergences in the analysis of the structure of interpersonal behavior. Psychological Review, 68, 341–353.
21.
FreedmanM. B.LearyT. F.OssioroA. G.CoffreyH. S. (1951). The interpersonal dimension of personality. Journal of Personality, 20, 143–161.
22.
GouldingM. M.GouldingR. L. (1979). Changing life through redecision therapy. New York, NY: Brunner/Mazel.
23.
HastieR. (1981). Schematic principles in human memory. In HigginsE. T.HermanP.ZannaM. P. (Eds.), Social cognition: The Ontario symposium on personality and social psychology (pp. 39–88). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
24.
HineJ. (1997). Mind structure and ego states. Transactional Analysis Journal, 4, 278–289.
25.
HorowitzM. J. (Ed.). (1991). Person schemas and mal-adaptive interpersonal patterns. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
26.
KihlstromJ. F. (1984). Conscious, subconscious: A cognitive perspective. In BowerK. S.MeichenbaumD. (Eds.), The unconscious reconsidered (pp. 149–211). New York, NY: Wiley.
27.
KihlstromJ. F. (1988). Personality. In HilgardE. R. (Ed.), Fifty years of psychology: Essays in honor of Floyd Ruch (pp. 139–152). Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman.
28.
LambertM. J.OglesB. M. (2004). The efficacy and effectiveness of psychotherapy. In LambertM. J. (Ed.), Bergin and Garfield's handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (pp. 139–193). New York, NY: Wiley.
29.
LearyT. (1957). Interpersonal diagnosis of personality. New York, NY: Ronald Press.
30.
LittleR. (2006). Ego state relational units and resistance to change. Transactional Analysis Journal, 36, 7–19.
31.
LorrM.McNairD. M. (1963). An interpersonal behavior circle. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67, 68–75.
32.
LuborskyL.Crits-ChristophP. (1990). Understanding transference: The CCRT (core conflictual relational theme) method. New York, NY: Basic Books.
33.
MahlerM. S.FurerM. (1968). On human symbiosis and the vicissitudes of individuation. New York, NY: International Universities Press.
34.
MahlerM.PineF.BergmanA. (1975). The psychological birth of the human infant: Symbiosis and individuation. New York, NY: Basic Books.
35.
McClellandJ. L.RumelhartD. E., & the PDP Research Group. (1986). Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition (Vol. 2). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
36.
MillerG. A.GalanterE.PribramK. H. (1960). Plans and the structure of behavior. New York, NY: Henry Holt.
37.
MillonT.DavisR. D. (1996). Disorders of personality: DSM-IV and beyond. New York, NY: Wiley.
38.
MinskyM. (1975). A framework for representing knowledge. In WinsonP. H. (Ed.), The psychology of computer vision (pp. 211–277). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
39.
NeisserU. (1967). Cognitive psychology. New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
40.
NormanD. A. (1986). Reflection on cognition and parallel distributed processing. In McClellandJ. L.RumelhartD. E. (Eds.), Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition (Vol. 2, pp. 531–546). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
41.
NoveyT. (1998). A proposal for an integrated self [Letter to the editor]. The Script, 28(7), 6.
42.
NoveyT. B.Porter-SteeleN.GobesL.MasseyR. F. (1993). Ego states and the self-concept: A panel presentation and discussion. Transactional Analysis Journal, 23, 123–138.
43.
PiagetJ. (1952). The origin of intelligence in children. New York, NY: International Universities Press.
44.
RoschE. (1978). Principles of categorization. In RoschE.LloydB. B. (Eds.), Cognition and categorization (pp. 27–48). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
45.
RumelhartD. E.McClellandJ. L., & the PDP Research Group. (1986). Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition (Vol. 1). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
46.
SchaeferE. S. (1959). A circumplex model for maternal behavior. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67, 68–75.
47.
SchaeferE. S. (1965). Children's reports of parental behavior: An inventory. Child Development, 36, 413–424.
48.
SchankR. C.AbelsonR. (1977). Scripts, plans, goals and understanding. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
49.
ScilligoP. (1990). La ricerca clinica e la prassi psicoterapeutica: Una valle da colmare [Clinical research and psychotherapeutic practice: A valley to bridge]. In De LucaM. L. (Ed.), Psicoterapia e ricerca: Dalla teoria alla clinica (pp. 69–89). Rome, Italy: LAS.
50.
ScilligoP. (2005). La nuova sinfonia dei molti sé [The new symphony of many selves]. Rome, Italy: LAS.
51.
ScilligoP. (2006a). Correlates of dimensionally defined ego states in transactional analysis and social cognitive representations of relational processes and the self. Psicologia Psicoterapia e Salute, 12(2) 159–200.
52.
ScilligoP. (2006b). Editoriale [Editorial]. Psicologia Psicoterapia e Salute, 12(2), 111–112.
53.
ScilligoP. (2007). Il dialogo tra l'analisi transazionale (Tradizionale) e l'analisi transazionale socio-cognitiva, ATSC [The dialogue between traditional transactional analysis and social-cognitive transactional analysis, SCTA]. Psicologia Psicoterapia e Salute, 13(3) 329–348.
ScilligoP. (2010). The empirical basis of medicine in search of humanity and naturalistic psychotherapy in search of its hermeneutic roots. International Journal of Transactional Analysis Research, 1(1). Retrieved from http://www.ijtar.org/article/view/6150.
56.
ScilligoP. (2011). Transference as a measurable social-cognitive process: An application of Scilligo's ego states model. Transactional Analysis Journal, 41, 196–205.
57.
ShedlerJ. (2010). The efficacy of psychodynamic psychotherapy. American Psychologist, 65(2), 98–109.
58.
SiegelD.J. (1999). The developing mind. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
59.
SillsC.HargadenH. (Eds.). (2003). Ego states (Vol. 1 of Key concepts in transactional analysis: Contemporary views). London, England: Worth Publishing.
60.
TaylorS. E.CrockerJ. (1981). Schematic basis of social information processing. In HigginsE. T.HermanP.ZannaM. P. (Eds.), Social cognition: The Ontario symposium on personality and social psychology (pp. 89–134). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
61.
TomkinsS. S.MessickS. (Eds.). (1963). Computer simulation of personality. New York, NY: Wiley.
62.
TosiM. T. (2010). The lived and narrated script: An ongoing narrative construction. In ErskineR. G. (Ed.), Life scripts: A transactional analysis of unconscious relational patterns (pp. 29–54). London, England: Karnac Books.
63.
TudorK. (2003). The neopsyche: The integrating adult ego state. In SillsC.HargadenH. (Eds.), Ego states (Vol. 1 of Key concepts in transactional analysis: Contemporary views) (pp. 200–229). London, England: Worth Publishing.
64.
WilliamsR., (Ed.) (2009). Trauma e relazioni. Le prospettive scientifiche e cliniche contemporanee [Trauma and relationships. Contemporary scientific and clinical perspectives]. Milan, Italy: Raffaello Cortina Editore.
65.
ŽvelcG. (2010). Relational schemas theory and transactional analysis. Transactional Analysis Journal, 40, 8–22.