This article views four ego state models — Phenomenological, historical, behavioral, and social—as having socioethical aspects that affect the quality of human life that is promoted by transactional analysts. It describes a scheme of personal maturity that is rooted in Bernean theory so that the three ego states indicate three ways of being in the here and now: There is a Parent presence, an Adult presence, and a Child presence, with spiritual dimensions. Each ego state is an integration from past and recent experiences and hence the need for promoting cohesiveness and congruence within and between them through developing an integrated Parent, integrated Adult, and integrated Child.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
BarnesG. (1988). East meets west. Bulletin of the Western Pacific Association of Transactional Analysis, 1, 95–99.
2.
BerneE. (1961). Transactional analysis in psychotherapy: A systematic individual and social psychiatry. New York: Grove Press.
3.
BerneE. (1963). The structure and dynamics of organizations and groups. New York: Grove Press.
4.
BerneE. (1964). Games people play: The psychology of human relationships. New York: Ballantine.
5.
BerneE. (1966). Principles of group treatment. New York: Oxford University Press.
6.
BerneE. (1970). Sex in human loving. New York: Simon & Schuster.
7.
BerneE. (1972). What do you say after you say hello?: The psychology of human destiny. New York: Grove Press.
8.
BerneE. (1977). Ego states in psychotherapy. In Intuition and ego states: The origins of transactional analysis (McCormickP., Ed.) (pp. 121–144). San Francisco: TA Press. (Original work published 1957)
9.
CapraF. (1975). The tao of science. Great Britain: Fontana/Collins.
10.
DregoP. (1978). The basis of structural analysis in transactional analysis in India today. Souvenir ITAC 1 (pp. 70–71). New Delhi: TASI.
11.
DregoP. (1979a). Foreward. In SummertonO., Transactional games analysis: Games since Eric Berne (pp. ix–xx). New Delhi: Manohar.
12.
DregoP. (1979b). Towards the illumined child: An Indian study of ego states. Bombay: The Grail.
13.
DregoP. (1981). Ego state models. Tasi Darshan, 1(4), 119–145.
14.
DregoP. (1983). The cultural parent. Transactional Analysis Journal, 13(4), 224–227.
15.
DregoP. (1986). Ego state paradigms and models. In DregoP. & SummertonO., TA source and foundations: An ego state theory update (pp. 1–36). Bombay: Oyster Pubs.
16.
DregoP. (1993). Paradigms and models of ego states. Transactional Analysis Journal, 23, 5–29.
17.
DregoP. (1994). Happy family: Parenting through family rituals. Bombay: Alfreruby Publishers.
18.
DregoP. (1996). Cultural parent oppression and regeneration. Transactional Analysis Journal, 26, 58–77.
19.
DregoP. (1999). Building family unity through permission rituals: Permissions and ego state models. Mumbai: Alfreruby Publishers.
20.
DregoP., & SummertonO. (1986). TA source and foundations: An ego state theory update. Bombay: Oyster Pubs.
21.
DregoP., & SummertonO. (1988). Ego state paradigms and models in practice. Bulletin of the Western Pacific Association of Transactional Analysis, 1, 56–67.
22.
DusayJ. (1977). Egograms: How I see you and you see me. New York: Harper & Row.
23.
ErnstF. (1971). The OK corral: The grid for get-on-with. Transactional Analysis Journal, 1(4), 33–42.
24.
GouldingR. L., & GouldingM. M. (1976). Injunctions, decisions and redecisions. Transactional Analysis Journal, 6, 41–48.
25.
HarrisT. (1967). I'm OK, you're OK: A practical guide to transactional analysis. New York: Harper & Row.
26.
HollowayM. M., & HollowayW. H. (1975). The contract setting process. In HollowayM. M. & HollowayW. H., The monograph series: Numbers 1-X (pp. 34–39). Medina, OH: Midwest Institute for Human Understanding.
27.
JamesM. (1974). Self-reparenting: Theory and process. In JamesM. & contributors, Techniques in transactional analysis for psychotherapists and counselors (pp. 486–496). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
28.
KahlerT.CapersH. (1974). The miniscript. Transactional Analysis Journal, 4(1), 26–42.
29.
KarpmanS. (1968). Fairy tales and script drama analysis. Transactional Analysis Bulletin, 7(26), 39–43.
30.
KuhnT. S. (1970). The structure of scientific revolutions (2nd ed). Chicago: Chicago University Press. (Original work published 1962)
31.
McCormickP. (1971). Guide for use of a life-script questionnaire in transactional analysis. San Francisco: Trans Pubs.
32.
SchiffJ. L., with SchiffA. W.MellorK.SchiffE.SchiffS. RichmanD. FishmanJ.WolzL.FishmanC., & MombD. (1975). Cathexis reader: Transactional analysis treatment of psychosis. New York: Harper & Row.
33.
SteinerC. (1966). Script and counterscript. Transactional Analysis Bulletin, 5(18), 133–135.
34.
SteinerC. (1970). A fairytale. Transactional Analysis Bulletin, 9(36), 146–149.
SummertonO. (1975). An operations research approach to transactional analysis: Mathematical model of a single transaction. Unpublished master's thesis, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
37.
SummertonO. (1978). The Bernean grid. Transactional Analysis Journal, 8, 27–29.
38.
SummertonO. (1979a). RANI: A new approach to relationship analysis. Transactional Analysis Journal, 9, 115–118.
39.
SummertonO. (1979b). Transactional game analysis: Games since Eric Berne. New Delhi: Manohar.
40.
SummertonO. (1986). A search for the ego state model. In DregoP. & SummertonO., TA source and foundations: An ego state theory update (pp. 37–61). Bombay: Oyster Pubs.
41.
SummertonO. (1989). Beyond the parental flip. TASI Darshan, 9(3), 107–122.
42.
SummertonO. (1992a). The game pentagon. Transactional Analysis Journal, 22, 66–75.
43.
SummertonO. (1992b). The rainbow specs. Transactional Analysis Journal, 22, 182–188.
