AbramsD.VikiG. T. N.MasserB.BohnerG. (2003). Perceptions of stranger and acquaintance rape: The role of benevolent and hostile sexism in victim blame and rape proclivity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 111–125. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.1.111
2.
BeckerJ. C.SwimJ. K. (2011). Seeing the unseen: Attention to daily encounters with sexism as a way to reduce sexist beliefs. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 35, 227–242. doi:10.1177/0361684310397509
3.
BogardusE. S. (1927). Race, friendliness, and social distance. Journal of Applied Sociology, 11, 272–287.
4.
CikaraM.EberhardtJ. L.FiskeS. T. (2010). From agents to objects: Sexist attitudes and neural responses to sexualized targets. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 24, 540–551. doi:10.1162/ jocn.2010.21497
5.
CikaraM.FiskeS. T. (in press). Stereotypes and Schadenfreude: Behavioral and physiological markers of pleasure at others' misfortunes. Social Psychological and Personality Science, Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/1948550611409245
6.
DardenneB.DumontM.BollierT. (2007). Insidious dangers of benevolent sexism: Consequences for women’s performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 764–779. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.93.5.764
7.
EaglyA. H.MladinicA. (1989). Gender stereotypes and attitudes toward women and men. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 15, 543–558. doi: 10.1177/0146167289154008
8.
EaglyA. H.MladinicA. (1994). Are people prejudiced against women? Some answers from research on attitudes, gender stereotypes and judgments of competence. In StroebeW.HewstoneM. (Eds.), European review of social psychology (pp. 1–35). Vol. 5, New York, NY: Wiley.
9.
EaglyA. H.SteffenV. J. (1984). Gender stereotypes stem from the distribution of women and men into social roles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 735–754. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.46.4.735
10.
ExpósitoF.HerreraM. C.MoyaM.GlickP. (2010). Don’t rock the boat: Women’s benevolent sexism predicts fears of marital violence. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 34, 36–42. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2009.01539.x
11.
FiskeS. T.CuddyA. J. C.GlickP. (2007). Universal dimensions of social cognition: Warmth and competence. Trends in Cognitive Science, 11, 77–83. doi:10.1016/j.tics. 2006.11.005
12.
FiskeS. T.CuddyA. J. C.GlickP.XuJ. (2002). A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 878–902. doi:10.1037/ 0022-3514.82.6.878
13.
GaertnerS. L.DovidioJ. F. (1986). The aversive form of racism. In DovidioJ. F.GaertnerS. L. (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 61–89). New York, NY: Academic Press.
14.
GlickP. (1991). Trait-based and sex-based discrimination in occupational prestige, occupational salary, and hiring. Sex Roles, 25, 351–378. doi: 10.1007/BF00289761
15.
GlickP. (2002). Sacrificial lambs dressed in wolves' clothing: Envious prejudice, ideology, and the scapegoating of Jews. In NewmanL. S.ErberR. (Eds.), Understanding genocide: The social psychology of the Holocaust (pp. 113–142). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
16.
GlickP. (2008). When neighbors blame neighbors: Scapegoating and the breakdown of ethnic relations. In EssesV. M.VernonR. A. (Eds.), Explaining the breakdown of ethnic relations: Why neighbors kill (pp. 123–146). Malden, MA: Blackwell. doi:10.1002/ 9781444303056.ch6.
17.
GlickP.FiskeS. T. (1996). The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 491–512. doi:10. 1037/0022-3514.70.3.491
18.
GlickP.FiskeS. T. (1997). Hostile and benevolent sexism: Measuring ambivalent sexist attitudes toward women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 119–135. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402. 1997.tb00104.x
19.
GlickP.FiskeS. T.MladinicA.SaizJ. L.AbramsD.MasserB.López LópezW. (2000). Beyond prejudice as simple antipathy: Hostile and benevolent sexism across cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 763–775. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.79.5.763
20.
GlickP.LameirasM.FiskeS. T.EckesT.MasserB.VolpatoC.WellsR. (2004). Bad but bold: Ambivalent attitudes toward men predict gender inequality in 16 nations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 713–728. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.5.713
21.
GlickP.LarsenS.JohnsonC.BranstiterH. (2005). Evaluations of sexy women in low and high status jobs. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 29, 389–395. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2005.00238.x
22.
GlickP.ZionC.NelsonC. (1988). What mediates sex discrimination in hiring decisions?Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 178–186. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2005.00238.x
23.
HeblM. R.KingE.GlickP.SingletaryS. L.KazamaS. M. (2007). Hostile and benevolent reactions toward pregnant women: Complementary interpersonal punishments and rewards that maintain traditional roles. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1499–1511. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1499
24.
JackmanM. R. (1994). The velvet glove: Paternalism and conflict in gender, class, and race relations. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
25.
JackmanM. R. (1999). Gender, violence, and harassment. In Saltzman ChafetzJ. (Ed.), Handbook of the sociology of gender (pp. 275–317). New York, NY: Springer.
26.
JackmanM. R. (2001). License to kill: Violence and legitimacy in expropriative intergroup relations. In JostJ. T.MajorB. (Eds.), The psychology of legitimacy: Emerging perspectives on ideology, justice, and intergroup relations (pp. 437–467). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
27.
JostJ. T.KayA. C. (2005). Exposure to benevolent sexism and complementary gender stereotypes: Consequences for specific and diffuse forms of system justification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 498–509. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.88.3.498
28.
KatzI.WackenhutJ.HassR. G. (1986). Racial ambivalence, value duality, and behavior. In DovidioJ. F.GaertnerS. L. (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 35–59). New York, NY: Academic Press.
29.
McConahayJ. B. (1986). Modern racism. In DovidioJ. F.GaertnerS. L. (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 91–125). New York, NY: Academic Press.
30.
McHughM. C.FriezeI. H. (1997). The measurement of gender role attitudes: A review and commentary. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 1–16. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997. tb00097.x
31.
MoyaM.GlickP.ExpósitoF.De LemusS.HartJ. (2007). It’s for your own good: Benevolent sexism and women’s reactions to protectively justified restrictions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 1421–1434. doi: 10.1177/0146167207304790
32.
NorthM. S.FiskeS. T.(under review). A new approach to ageism: Succession, identity, and consumption.
33.
ShieldsS. A. (2007). Passionate men, emotional women: Psychology constructs gender difference in the late 19th century. History of Psychology, 10, 92–110. doi:10.1037/1093-4510.10.2.92
34.
SibleyC. G.OverallN. C. (2011). A dual process motivational model of ambivalent sexism and gender differences in romantic partner preferences. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 35, 303–317.
35.
SpenceJ. T.HahnE. D. (1997). The attitudes toward women scale and attitude change in college students. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 17–34. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00098.x
36.
SpenceJ. T.HelmreichR. L. (1972). The attitudes toward women scale: An objective instrument to measure attitudes toward the rights and roles of women in contemporary society. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 2, 66–67. (Ms. No. 153)
37.
SwimJ. K.AikinK. J.HallW. S.HunterB. A. (1995). Sexism and racism: Old-fashioned and modern prejudices. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 199–214. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.68.2.199
38.
ThompsonM. M.ZannaM. P.GriffinD. W. (1995). Let’s not be indifferent about (attitudinal) ambivalence. In PettyR. E.KrosnickJ. A. (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences (pp. 361–386). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
39.
TougasF.BrownR.BeatonA. M.JolyS. (1995). Neosexism: Plus ça change, plus c’est pariel. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 842–849. doi: 10.1177/ 0146167295218007
40.
TwengeJ. M. (1997). Attitudes toward women, 1970–1995: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 35–52. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00099.x
41.
TwengeJ. M. (2011). The duality of individualism: Attitudes toward women, Generation Me, and the method of cross-temporal meta-analysis. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 35, 193–196.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.