To support the advancement of accelerated bridge construction in high-seismic regions, this study investigates a novel prefabricated column-to-footing connection designed for improved resiliency, constructability, and cost efficiency. The socket connection utilizes hollow-core fiber-reinforced polymer–concrete–steel (HC-FCS) columns with embedded corrugated steel pipes (CSPs). The composite HC-FCS column consists of a concrete shell sandwiched between an outer fiber-reinforced polymer tube and an inner steel tube. The inner steel tube is embedded into the footing connection of the HC-FCS column. The same authors tested the innovative socket connection on a large HC-FCS column under seismic loads, showing high ductility, strong moment and drift capacities, and promising potential for future design use. Building on previous experimental findings that demonstrated excellent seismic performance, this study employs finite element (FE) modeling in LS-DYNA software to conduct a parametric analysis of 50 large-scale column-to-footing connections. The FE models were used to critically assess the effect of seven parameters on the seismic behavior of such a novel column-to-footing connection. Consequently, design equations based on mechanical analysis of a simplified strut-and-tie model were proposed to determine the essential characteristics of the CSP in HC-FCS column-to-footing connections for practical implementation.
AbdulazeezM. M.ElGawadyM. A.Seismic Behavior of Hollow-Core Composite Bridge Columns Having Slender Inner Steel Tubes. ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 117, No. 4, 2020, pp. 143–158. https://doi.org/10.14359/51723521.
3.
DawoodH.ElgawadyM.Hewes.J.Factors Affecting the Seismic Behavior of Segmental Precast Bridge Columns. Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering, Vol. 8, No. 4, 2014, pp. 388–398.
4.
BartolozziM.CasasJ. R.DomaneschiM.Bond Deterioration Effects on Corroded RC Bridge Pier in Seismic Zone. Structural Concrete, Vol. 23, No. 1, 2022, pp. 51–66.
5.
DomaneschiM.CasasJ. R. Antonino De GaetanoCimellaroGian PaoloDeteriorated Seismic Capacity Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Piers in Corrosive Environment. Structural Concrete, Vol. 21, No. 5, 2020, pp. 1823–1838.
6.
HanL.-H.HuangH.TaoZ.ZhaoX.-L.Concrete-Filled Double Skin Steel Tubular (CFDST) Beam–Columns Subjected to Cyclic Bending. Engineering Structures, Vol. 28, No. 12, 2006, pp. 1698–1714.
7.
CharlesonA.Seismic Design for Architects. Routledge, 2012.
8.
MorgeseM.DomaneschiM.AnsariF.CimellaroG. P.InaudiD.Improving Distributed Fiber-Optic Sensor Measures by Digital Image Correlation: Two-Stage Structural Health Monitoring. ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 118, No. 6, 2021, pp. 91–102.
9.
DomaneschiM.NiccoliniG.LacidognaG.CimellaroG. Paolo. Nondestructive Monitoring Techniques for Crack Detection and Localization in RC Elements. Applied Sciences, Vol. 10, No. 9, 2020, p. 3248.
10.
LiuQ.XuB.XiaZ.ChenZ.YaoY.WangJ.Interface Debonding Defect Detection for CFST Columns Based on EMI Measurements: Experiment, Numerical Simulation and Blind Inspection in Practice. Advances in Structural Engineering, No. 7, 2024, pp. 1151–1169. https://doi.org/10.1177/13694332241242978.
11.
AbdelkarimO. I.ElGawadyM. A.Behavior of Hollow FRP–Concrete–Steel Columns Under Static Cyclic Axial Compressive Loading. Engineering Structures, Vol. 123, 2016, pp. 77–88.
12.
MoustafaA.ElGawadyM. A.Shaking Table Testing of Segmental Hollow-Core FRP-Concrete-Steel Bridge Columns. Journal of Bridge Engineering, Vol. 23, No. 5, 2018, p. 04018020.
13.
AbdelkarimO. I.ElGawadyM. A.GheniA.AnumoluS.AbdulazeezM.Seismic Performance of Innovative Hollow-Core FRP–Concrete–Steel Bridge Columns. Journal of Bridge Engineering, Vol. 22, No. 2, 2016, p. 04016120.
14.
AbdulazeezM. M.GheniA.AbdelkarimO. I.ElGawadyM. A.Column-Footing Connection Evaluation of Hollow-Core Composite Bridge Columns. Special Publication, Vol. 327, 2018, pp. 39.31–39.14.
15.
AnumoluS.AbdelkarimO. I.ElGawadyM. A.. Behavior of Hollow-Core Steel-Concrete-Steel Columns Subjected to Torsion Loading. Journal of Bridge Engineering, 2016, p. 04016070.
16.
OzbakkalogluT.FanggiB. L.Axial Compressive Behavior of FRP-Concrete-Steel Double-Skin Tubular Columns Made of Normal-and High-Strength Concrete. Journal of Composites for Construction, No. 1, 2013.
17.
OzbakkalogluT.IdrisY.Seismic Behavior of FRP-High-Strength Concrete–Steel Double-Skin Tubular Columns. Journal of Structural Engineering, No. 6, 2014.
18.
TengJ.YuT.WongY.DongS.Hybrid FRP–Concrete–Steel Tubular Columns: Concept and Behavior. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 21, No. 4, 2007, pp. 846–854.
19.
ZhangB.TengJ.YuT.Experimental Behavior of Hybrid FRP–Concrete–Steel Double-Skin Tubular Columns Under Combined Axial Compression and Cyclic Lateral Loading. Engineering Structures, Vol. 99, 2015, pp. 214–231.
20.
AbdulazeezM.ElGawady.M.Seismic Shear Strength of Hollow-Core Composite Bridge Columns. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 53, 2025, pp. 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2024-0261
21.
AbdulazeezM. M.ElGawadyM. A.AbdelkarimO. I.Bending and Buckling Behavior of Hollow-Core FRP–Concrete–Steel Columns. Journal of Bridge Engineering, Vol. 24, No. 8, 2019, p. 04019082. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001419.
22.
RoederC. W.LehmanD. E.An Economical and Efficient Foundation Connection for Concrete Filled Steel Tube Piers and Columns. In Composite Construction in Steel and Concrete VI, 2008, pp. 351–363
23.
HaraldssonO. S.JanesT. M.EberhardM. O.StantonJ. F.Seismic Resistance of Socket Connection between Footing and Precast Column. Journal of Bridge Engineering, Vol. 18, No. 9, 2013, pp. 910–919.
24.
KingsleyA.Experimental and Analytical Investigation of Embedded Column Base Connections for Concrete Filled High Strength Steel Tubes. MS Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 2005.
25.
LeeJ. R.Experimental Investigation of Embedded Connections for Concrete-filled Steel Tube Columns Subjected to Combined Axial-flexural Loading. University of Washington, 2011.
26.
LehmanD. E.RoederC. W.Foundation Connections for Circular Concrete-Filled Tubes. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, Vol. 78, 2012, pp. 212–225.
27.
MoonJ.LehmanD. E.RoederC. W.LeeH.-E.Evaluation of Embedded Concrete-Filled Tube (CFT) Column-to-Foundation Connections. Engineering Structures, Vol. 56, 2013, pp. 22–35.
28.
MoonJ.RoederC. W.LehmanD. E.LeeH.-E.Analytical Modeling of Bending of Circular Concrete-Filled Steel Tubes. Engineering Structures, Vol. 42, 2012, pp. 349–361.
29.
ParkK.-S.MoonJ.LeeS.-S.BaeK.-W.RoederC. W.Embedded Steel Column-to-Foundation Connection for a Modular Structural System. Engineering Structures, Vol. 110, 2016, pp. 244–257.
30.
WilliamsT. S.Experimental Investigation of High-Strength Concrete-Filled Steel Tubes in Embedded Column Base Foundation Connections, MS thesis. University of Washington, Seattle, 2006.
31.
SteuckK. P.PangJ. B.EberhardM. O.StantonJ. F.Anchorage of Large-Diameter Reinforcing Bars Grouted into Ducts. Washington State Transportation Center (TRAC), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 2007.
32.
GrilliD. A.KanvindeA. M.Embedded Column Base Connections Subjected to Seismic Loads: Strength Model. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, Vol. 129, 2017, pp. 240–249.
33.
AbdelkarimO. I.ElGawadyM. A.Behavior of Hybrid FRP-Concrete-Steel Double-Skin Tubes Subjected to Cyclic Axial Compression. Proc., Structures Congress 2014, ASCE, Reston, VA, pp. 1002–1013.
34.
KosloffD.FrazierG. A.Treatment of Hourglass Patterns in Low Order Finite Element Codes. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1978, pp. 57–72.
35.
RyuD.WijeyewickremaA. C.ElGawadyM. A.MadurapperumaM. A. K. M.Effects of Tendon Spacing on In-Plane Behavior of Posttensioned Masonry Walls. Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 140, No. 4 2014, p. 04013096.
36.
YoussfO.ElGawadyM. A.MillsaJ. E.MaX.Finite Element Modelling and Dilation of FRP-Confined Concrete. Engineering Structures, Vol. 79, 2014, pp. 70–85.
37.
MalvarL. J.CrawfordJ. E.WesevichJ. W.SimonsD.A Plasticity Concrete Material Model for DYNA3D. International Journal of Impact Engineering, Vol. 19, No. 9, 1997, pp. 847–873.
VieiraF.GarberD.Shear Friction Capacity of Corrugated Pipe Connection in Precast Footings. No. BDV29 977-39. Florida International University, 2022.
40.
ACI Committee 349. Code Requirements for Nuclear Safety-Related Concrete Structures (ACI 349-13) and Commentary. American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2013, 196 pp.
41.
SDC. Seismic Design Criteria v. 2.0. State of California Department of Transportation, 2019.
42.
MacGregorJ. G.WightJ. K.TengS.IrawanP.Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics and Design. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1997.
43.
AISC. Seismic Design Manual, 3rd ed. American Institute of Steel Construction, Chicago, IL, 2018.
44.
SiX.ZhangG.SongY.HanQ.LiuB.DuX.MaY. Evaluation of Seismic Performance and Damage Characteristics of Column-Footing Joints with Shallow Socket Connection. Engineering Structures, Vol. 311, 2024, p. 118172.
SteuckK. P.EberhardM. O.StantonJ. F.Anchorage of Large-Diameter Reinforcing Bars in Ducts. ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 106, No. 4, 2009, p. 506.
47.
ACI Committee 318. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI318-05) and Commentary (ACI 318R-05). American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2005.
