Purification materials have been widely applied as filter media in best management measures including wetlands, bioretention systems, and so forth, whereas their application in permeable pavement is limited and needs further research. This paper aims to explore the feasible applications of water purification materials in permeable pavement materials and structures. Based on laboratory rainfall test and static adsorption test, the possible application of three types of water purification materials, including diatomite, quartz sand, and straw biochar, in porous asphalt pavement and their pollutant removal effect were investigated. The results show that the filter layers can effectively increase the total suspended solids removal rate to 60%–80%. And when the purification materials are applied as alternative fillers in porous asphalt mixture (PA), they can enhance the removal effect of dissolved pollutants, especially heavy metals, by their special chemical properties and the positive influence on microscopic pore structures of PA. The adsorption effect of PA on pollutants is closely related to the environment temperature. The PA adsorption of nutrients and Cu increases with the increase of temperature, but the adsorption effect of Cr is better at lower temperatures. The pseudo-first-order model and the pseudo-second-order model can properly describe the adsorption process of heavy metals Cu and Cr by PA, respectively. The purification schemes that present purification effects under different runoff pollution characteristics are recommended as well.
KayhanianM.LiH.HarveyJ. T.LiangX.Application of Permeable Pavements in Highways for Stormwater Runoff Management and Pollution Prevention: California Research Experiences. International Journal of Transportation Science and Technology, Vol. 8, No. 4, 2019, pp. 358–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijtst.2019.01.001.
2.
PrattC. J.MantleJ. D. G.SchofieldP. A.Urban Stormwater Reduction and Quality Improvement Through the Use of Permeable Pavements. International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control, 1988.
3.
XieN.AkinM.ShiX.Permeable Concrete Pavements: A Review of Environmental Benefits and Durability. Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 210, 2019, pp. 1605–1621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.11.134.
4.
ChandrappaA. K.BiligiriK. P.Pervious Concrete as a Sustainable Pavement Material – Research Findings and Future Prospects: A State-of-the-Art Review. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 111, 2016, pp. 262–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2016.02.054.
5.
SelbigW. R.BuerN.DanzM. E.Stormwater-Quality Performance of Lined Permeable Pavement Systems. Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 251, 2019, p. 109510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109510.
6.
HuangJ.ValeoC.HeJ.ChuA.The Influence of Design Parameters on Stormwater Pollutant Removal in Permeable Pavements. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, Vol. 227, No. 9, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-016-3020-y.
7.
LiuJ.YanH.LiaoZ.ZhangK.SchmidtA. R.TaoT.Laboratory Analysis on the Surface Runoff Pollution Reduction Performance of Permeable Pavements. Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 691, 2019, pp. 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.028.
8.
Maniquiz-RedillasM.KimL. H.Fractionation of Heavy Metals in Runoff and Discharge of a Stormwater Management System and its Implications for Treatment. Journal of Environmental Sciences (China), Vol. 26, No. 6, 2014, pp. 1214–1222. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(13)60591-4.
9.
ZhaoY.Study on the Removal Mechanism of Porous Asphalt Pavement to Heavy Metals from Road Runoff. Nanjing Forestry University, 2014.
10.
LiuJ.LiH.LijunS.HengjiZ.NingX.YuT.MingJ.KaiminF.BoY.YaotingZ.Leachate Risks of Fine Solid Wastes in Porous Asphalt Pavement and Runoff Purification Effects of Diatomite Filler. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021, p. 126623. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126623.
11.
RazzaghmaneshM.BorstM.Long-Term Effects of Three Types of Permeable Pavements on Nutrient Infiltrate Concentrations. Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 670, 2019, pp. 893–901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.279.
12.
BrownR. A.BorstM.Nutrient Infiltrate Concentrations from Three Permeable Pavement Types. Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 164, 2015, pp. 74–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.08.038.
KouC.Study on the Source Control Technology of Pavement Runoff Pollution and its Purification Efficiency. Yangzhou University, 2018.
15.
CuiZ. Z.Study on Performance and Mechanisms of Stormwater Infiltration and Water Purification of Permeable Pavement Layers. Tianjin University, 2013.
16.
NiuZ. G.LvZ. W.ZhangY.CuiZ. Z.Stormwater Infiltration and Surface Runoff Pollution Reduction Performance of Permeable Pavement Layers. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol. 23, 2016, pp. 2576–2587. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5466-7.
17.
KangA.MaoH.LiB.KouC.XuX.Investigation of Selective Fi Ltration Characteristics of Fi Lter Media for Pavement Runoff Treatment. Vol. 235, 2019, pp. 590–602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.337.
18.
HouW.ZhangY.LiuT.LuH.HeL.Graphene Oxide Coated Quartz Sand as a High Performance Adsorption Material in the Application of Water Treatment. RSC Advances, Vol. 5, No. 11, 2015, pp. 8037–8043. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ra11430b.
19.
ZhaoY.JiaY.ZhangX.Comparison of Removal Efficiency of Organic Matter by Different Modified Quartz Sands. China Water & Waste Water, Vol. 23, No. 19, 2007, pp. 15–18.
20.
BiguiW.ChengY.JianlinL.GangW.LiangD.XiaosanS.FupingW.HuaL.QingC.Fabrication of Superhydrophilic and Underwater Superoleophobic Quartz Sand Filter for Oil/Water Separation. Separation and Purification Technology, Vol. 229, 2019, p. 115808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115808.
21.
ZhangX.HuC.LinJ.YinH.ShiJ.TangJ.MaB.LiT.RenK.Fabrication of Recyclable, Superhydrophobic-Superoleophilic Quartz Sand by Facile Two-Step Modification for Oil-Water Separation. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, Vol. 10, No. 1, 2021, p. 107019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.107019.
22.
Danil de NamorA. F.El GamouzA.FrangieS.MartinezV.ValienteL.WebbO. A.Turning the Volume down on Heavy Metals Using Tuned Diatomite. A Review of Diatomite and Modified Diatomite for the Extraction of Heavy Metals from Water. Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 241–242, 2012, pp. 14–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.09.030.
23.
FultonG. P.Diatomaceous Earth Filtration for Safe Drinking Water. American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784404294.
24.
KhraishehM. A. M.Al-degsY. S.McminnW. A. M.Remediation of Wastewater Containing Heavy Metals Using Raw and Modified Diatomite. Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 99, No. 2, 2004, pp. 177–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2003.11.029.
25.
ZhengX.ChenY.Application of Effective Phosphorus Removal Diatomite to Urban Landscape Water Treatment. China Water & Waste Water, Vol. 28, No. 5, 2012, pp. 3–6.
26.
SriramG.KiggaM.UthappaU. T.RegoR. M.ThendralV.KumeriaT.JungH. Y.KurkuriM. D.Naturally Available Diatomite and Their Surface Modification for the Removal of Hazardous Dye and Metal Ions: A Review. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 282, 2020, p. 102198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2020.102198.
27.
TanX.LiuY.ZengG.WangX.HuX.GuY.YangZ.Application of Biochar for the Removal of Pollutants from Aqueous Solutions. Chemosphere, Vol. 125, 2015, pp. 70–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.12.058.
28.
KuoppamäkiK.HagnerM.ValtanenM.SetäläH.Using Biochar to Purify Runoff in Road Verges of Urbanised Watersheds: A Large-Scale Field Lysimeter Study. Watershed Ecology and the Environment, Vol. 1, 2019, pp. 15–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsee.2019.05.001.
29.
GhavanloughajarM.ValencaR.LeH.RahmanM.BorthakurA.RaviS.StenstromM. K.MohantyS. K.Compaction Conditions Affect the Capacity of Biochar-Amended Sand Filters to Treat Road Runoff. Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 735, 2020, p. 139180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139180.
30.
LiuJ.LiH.HarveyJ.ZhangH.TianY.Application of Biochar on the Runoff Purification Performance of Porous Asphalt Pavement. Transportation Safety and Environment, Vol. 3, No. 4, 2022, p. tdab026. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/tse/tdab026.
31.
HuX.DaiK.PanP.Investigation of Engineering Properties and Filtration Characteristics of Porous Asphalt Concrete Containing Activated Carbon. Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 209, 2019, pp. 1484–1493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.11.115.
32.
LiH.LiuJ.ZhangH.HarveyJ.Investigation on the Effect of Fine Solid Wastes on the Runoff Purification Performance of Porous Asphalt Mixture. Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 300, 2021, p. 113612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113612.
33.
YangB.LiH.ZhangH.SunL.HarveyJ.TianY.ZhuY.ZhangX.HanD.LiuL.Environmental Impact of Solid Waste Filler in Porous Asphalt Mixture. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 303, 2021, p. 124447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124447.
34.
ZhangH.LiH.AbdelhadyA.MoD.YangB.HarveyJ.Optimum Filler-Bitumen Ratio of Asphalt Mortar Considering Self-Healing Property. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 31, No. 8, 2019, pp. 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002792.
35.
ZhengH.LiuB.LiuG.CaiZ.ZhangC.Potential Toxic Compounds in Biochar: Knowledge Gaps between Biochar Research and Safety. In Biochar from Biomass and Waste: Fundamentals and Applications (OkY. S.TsangD. C.BolanN.NovakJ. M., eds.), Elsevier, 2018.
36.
JiangW.ShaA.XiaoJ.LiY.HuangY.Experimental Study on Filtration Effect and Mechanism of Pavement Runoff in Permeable Asphalt Pavement. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 100, 2015, pp. 102–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.09.055.
37.
XiaH.Leaching Characteristics of Asphalt Pavement Materials and Their Influences on Road Surface Runoff Water Quality. Technology of Highway and Transport, Vol. 37, No. 1, 2021.
38.
RunhuaZ.Study on the Leaching Risk of Water Purification Materials and Dissolution and Release of Metals. Shandong Jianzhu University, 2020.
