Correlation of Electrical Resistivity and Formation Factor with Chloride and Water Permeability of Recycled Aggregate Concrete

Abstract

Among the methods of determining the permeability of concrete, electrical resistivity tests are the most rapid and one of the simplest techniques. Several studies have found a strong correlation between electrical resistivity and the other permeation properties, such as water permeability and rapid chloride penetrability. However, most of these comparisons used conventional concrete in which natural aggregates were used. Concrete with alternative aggregates such as recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) shows a different microstructure and higher permeability than conventional concrete. Thus, the existing correlations might not be applicable for concrete with recycled aggregates. This research measures the electrical resistivity (AASHTO T 358 & AASHTO TP 119), formation factor, rapid chloride permeability (ASTM C 1202), and water permeability (Germann water permeability test: GWT) of RAC. High chloride ion permeability was observed in all the samples. On the other hand, some samples were found to have low water permeability. It was observed that RAC could be evaluated as water-resistant when a low water/cement ratio was used. The bulk resistivity, surface resistivity, and formation factor were all found to be strongly correlated with rapid chloride permeability test and GWT measurements. Compared with the established correlation from other studies using conventional concrete, RAC shows a higher slope of electrical resistivity versus chloride permeability regression line. On the other hand, RAC can be assumed to have low water permeability when the bulk resistivity, surface resistivity, and formation factor are greater than 5.2 kΩ-cm, 9.6 kΩ-cm, and 528, respectively.

Keywords

infrastructure materials aggregates durability of concrete permeability resistivity

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Mehta

Monteiro

Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials, 4th ed. McGraw-Hill Professional, New York, NY, 2014.

Concrete Institute of Australia. Recommended Practice, Concrete Durability Series Z7/07 - Performance Tests to Assess Concrete Durability. Concrete Institute of Australia, North Sydney, NSW, Australia, 2015, pp. 1–97.

Beushausen

Luco

L. F.

Performance-Based Specifications and Control of Concrete Durability: State-of-the-Art Report RILEM TC 230-PSC, Vol. 18. Springer Nature, Switzerland, 2015, pp. 1–373.

Andrews-Phaedonos

Test Methods for the Assessment of Durability of Concrete. Proc., 23rd ARRB Conference – Research Partnering with Practitioners, Adelaide, SA, Australia, 2008.

Basheer

Kropp

Cleland

D. J.

Assessment of the Durability of Concrete from its Permeation Properties: A Review. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 15, No. 2–3, 2001, pp. 93–103.

Basheer

P. A. M.

Permeation Analysis. In Handbook of Analytical Techniques in Concrete Science and Technology ( Ramachandran

V. S.

Beaudoin

J. J.

, eds.), William Andrew Publishing/Noyes, Norwich, NY, 2001, pp. 658–737. https://app.knovel.com/hotlink/khtml/id:kt0052L8K1/handbook-analytical-techniques/definitions-transport.

American Concrete Institute. Permeability of Concrete. ACI SP-108. ACI, Detroit, MI, 1989, p. 226.

Tanesi

Montanari

Ardani

Formation Factor Demystified and its Relationship to Durability. United States Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 2019. http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/research.

Weiss

W. J.

Spragg

R. P.

Isgor

O. B.

Ley

M. T.

van Dam

Toward Performance Specifications for Concrete: Linking Resistivity, RCPT and Diffusion Predictions Using the Formation Factor for Use in Specifications. In Proc., High Tech Concrete - Where Technology and Engineering Meet: 2017 Fib Symposium ( Hordijk

Luković

, eds.), Maastricht, The Netherlands, June 12–14, 2017, Springer, Cham, pp. 2057–2065.

10.

Archie

G. E.

The Electrical Resistivity Log as an Aid in Determining Some Reservoir Characteristics. Transactions of the AIME, Vol. 146, No. 1, 1942, pp. 54–62. https://doi.org/10.2118/942054-G.

11.

Weiss

J. W.

Focusing on Long-Term Durability and Performance for Concrete Pavement. National Concrete Consortium, 2018. https://intrans.iastate.edu/app/uploads/2018/07/180412-Weiss-NCC-Idaho3.pdf.

12.

National Institute of Standards and Technology. Estimation of Pore Solution Conductivity. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD, 2019. https://www.nist.gov/el/materials-and-structural-systems-division-73100/inorganic-materials-group-73103/estimation-pore. Accessed July 13, 2021.

13.

AASHTO T 358. Surface Resistivity Indication of Concrete’s Ability to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C., 2015.

14.

AASHTO TP 119. Electrical Resistivity of a Concrete Cylinder Tested in a Uniaxial Resistance Test. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C., 2015, pp. 1–11.

15.

Gudimettla

Crawford

Resistivity Tests for Concrete - Recent Field Experience. ACI Materials Journal, Vol. 113, No. 4, 2016, pp. 505–512.

16.

Tibbetts

C. M.

Paris

J. M.

Ferraro

C. C.

Riding

K. A.

Townsend

T. G.

Relating Water Permeability to Electrical Resistivity and Chloride Penetrability of Concrete Containing Different Supplementary Cementitious Materials. Cement and Concrete Composites, Vol. 107, 2020, p. 103491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2019.103491.

17.

Ramezanianpour

A. A.

Pilvar

Mahdikhani

Moodi

Practical Evaluation of Relationship Between Concrete Resistivity, Water Penetration, Rapid Chloride Penetration and Compressive Strength. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 25, No. 5, 2011, pp. 2472–2479.

18.

Jenkins

Surface Resistivity as an Alternative for Rapid Chloride Permeability Test of Hardened Concrete. Report No.: FHWA-KS-14-15. Kansas Department of Transportation, Bureau of Materials & Research, Topeka, 2015.

19.

Almarshoud

Mosavi

Alrashidi

Alyami

M. H. M.

Ferraro

C. C.

Deford

H. D.

Riding

K. A.

Use of Electrical Resistivity-Based Tests for Concrete Penetrability Measurement. ACI Materials Journal, Vol. 118, No. 1, 2021, pp. 21–30.

20.

Xiao

Recycled Aggregate Concrete. In Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering ( Chen

S.-H.

di Prisco

Vayas

, eds.), Springer Nature, Switzerland, 2018, pp. 65–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53987-3.

21.

Qiao

Moradllo

M. K.

Hall

Ley

M. T.

Weiss

W. J.

Electrical Resistivity and Formation Factor of Air-Entrained Concrete. ACI Materials Journal, Vol. 116, No. 3, 2019, pp. 85–93.

22.

Zaharieva

Buyle-Bodin

Skoczylas

Wirquin

Assessment of the Surface Permeation Properties of Recycled Aggregate Concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites, Vol. 25, No. 2, 2003, pp. 223–232.

23.

ACI Committee 211. Standard Practice for Selecting Proportions for Normal, Heavyweight, and Mass Concrete. American Concrete Institute, Michigan, 2002, pp. 1–38.

24.

Andrzej

Marta

GWT - New Testing System for “In-Situ” Measurements of Concrete Water Permeability. Procedia Engineering, Vol. 153, No. 71, 2016, pp. 483–489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.162.

25.

Coyle

A. T.

Spragg

R. P.

Suraneni

Amirkhanian

A. N.

Weiss

W. J.

Comparison of Linear Temperature Corrections and Activation Energy Temperature Corrections for Electrical Resistivity Measurements of Concrete. Advances in Civil Engineering Materials, Vol. 7, No. 1, 2018, pp. 174–187.

26.

Spragg

R. P.

Snyder

K. A.

Bentz

D. P.

Weiss

Electrical Testing of Cement-Based Materials: Role of Testing Techniques, Sample Conditioning, and Accelerated Curing. Publication FHWA/IN/JTRP-2013/28. Joint Transportation Research Program, Indiana Department of Transportation and Purdue University, West Lafayette, 2013, p. 23.