This study characterized and evaluated the use of reclaimed fly ash (RFA) and reclaimed ground bottom ash (GBA) as alternative sources of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) for the production of concrete mixtures. Conventional Class F fly ash (FA) was also evaluated for comparison. The effects of SCM content on fresh and hardened properties of concrete were investigated by replacing 10%, 20%, and 30% of cement by mass. Characterization results showed that all three ashes met ASTM C618 chemical requirements (i.e., sum of SiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3, CaO, SO3, moisture content, and loss of ignition) and 7- and 28-days strength activity index (SAI) requirements for Class F FA. In addition, RFA exhibited slightly higher SAI at 28 days of curing, followed by GBA and FA. In relation to fresh concrete properties, FA increased the concrete slump compared with the control mixture, whereas RFA and GBA decreased the concrete slump. However, GBA produced more significant slump decrements than RFA, which was attributed to the irregular angular particles of GBA. Generally, all the coal ashes produced decrements in air content compared with the control mixture. Comparatively, among the three ashes, GBA exhibited the highest 28- and 90-days compressive strength and surface resistivity (SR) at all cement replacement levels. Furthermore, at 90 days of curing, RFA and GBA concrete mixtures outperformed the FA concrete mixtures in relation to compressive strength and SR. Consequently, both RFA and GBA are promising SCMs for concrete materials.
MonteiroP. J. M.MillerS. A.HorvathA.Produce and Use with Care. Nature Publishing Group, Vol. 16, No. 7, 2017, pp. 698–699. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4930.
5.
AliM. B.SaidurR.HossainM. S.A Review on Emission Analysis in Cement Industries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 15, No. 5, 2011, pp. 2252–2261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.02.014.
6.
LothenbachB.ScrivenerK.HootonR. D.Supplementary Cementitious Materials. Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 41, No. 12, 2011, pp. 1244–1256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.12.001.
7.
ThomasM.The Effect of Supplementary Cementing Materials on Alkali-Silica Reaction: A Review. Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 41, No. 12, 2011, pp. 1224–1231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.11.003.
8.
JuengerM. C. G.SiddiqueR.Recent Advances in Understanding the Role of Supplementary Cementitious Materials in Concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 78, 2015, pp. 71–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.03.018.
9.
PapadakisV. G.TsimasS.Supplementary Cementing Materials in Concrete Part I: Efficiency and Design. Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 32, 2002, pp. 1525–1532. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00827-X.
10.
SutterL. L.Supplementary Cementitious Materials-Best Practices for Concrete Pavements:[techbrief]. No. FHWA-HIF-16-001. United States. Federal Highway Administration, 2016. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/38340.
11.
Diaz-LoyaI.JuengerM.SerajS.MinkaraR.Extending Supplementary Cementitious Material Resources: Reclaimed and Remediated Fly Ash and Natural Pozzolans. Cement and Concrete Composites, Vol. 101, 2019, pp. 44–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2017.06.011.
Al-ShmaisaniS.KalinaR. D.FerronR. D.JuengerM. C. G.Evaluation of Beneficiated and Reclaimed Fly Ashes in Concrete. ACI Materials Journal, Vol. 116, No. 4, 2019, pp. 79–87. DOI:10.14359/51716713.
GhafooriN.BucholcJ.Investigation of Lignite-Based Bottom Ash for Structural Concretre. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 8, No. 3, 1996, pp. 128–137. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(1996)8:3(128).
16.
ChurchillE. V.AmirkhanianS. N.Coal Ash Utilization in Asphalt Concrete Mixtures. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 11, No. November, 1999, pp. 295–301. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(1999)11:4(295).
17.
AliS.HazimanM.IbrahimW.JamaluddinN.FadzilM.Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal Performances of Concrete Containing Coal Bottom Ash with Different Fineness as a Supplementary Cementitious Material Exposed to Seawater. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, Vol. 22, No. 3, 2019, pp. 929–938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2019.01.011.
18.
MangiS. A.Wan IbrahimM. H.JamaluddinN.ArshadM. F.RamadhansyahP. J.Effects of Ground Coal Bottom Ash on the Properties of Concrete. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, Vol. 14, No. 1, 2019, pp. 338–350. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/188217821.pdf.
19.
ArgizC.SanjuánM. Á.MenéndezE.Coal Bottom Ash for Portland Cement Production. Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 2017, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6068286.
20.
ArgizC.MoraguesA.Use of Ground Coal Bottom Ash as Cement Constituent in Concretes Exposed to Chloride Environments. Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 170, 2018, pp. 25–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.117.
21.
OrujiS.BrakeN. A.GuduruR. K.NalluriL.Günaydın-sÖ.KharelK.RabbanifarS.HosseiniS.IngramE.Mitigation of ASR Expansion in Concrete Using Ultra-Fine Coal Bottom Ash. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 202, 2019, pp. 814–824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.013.
22.
SubediS.HuangO.ArceG.LiesN.J.RadovicM.HassanM.M.HossainZ.Evaluation of Alternative Sources of SCMs for Concrete Materials. In Tran-SET 2021 (pp. 176–187). American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, 2021. https://ascelibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.1061/9780784483787.019.
23.
SuraneniP.HajibabaeeA.RamanathanS.WangY.WeissJ.New Insights from Reactivity Testing of Supplementary Cementitious Materials. Cement and Concrete Composites, Vol. 103, 2019, pp. 331–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2019.05.017.
24.
ASTM Standard C311/C311M, Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Use, West Conshohocken, PA, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1520/C0311.
25.
ASTM C136/C136M. Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates. West Conshohocken, PA, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1520/C0136_C0136M-19.
26.
ASTM Standard C128-01. Standard Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity) and Absorption of Fine Aggregate. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2015, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1520/C0128-01.
27.
ASTM Standard C127-01. Standard Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity) and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate. West Conshohocken, PA, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1520/C0127-01.
ASTM Standard C143/ C143M. Standard Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement Concrete. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2015, pp. 12–15. https://doi.org/10.1520/C0143.
31.
ASTM Standard C231/C231M-17a. Standard Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Pressure Method. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1520/C0231_C0231M-14.
32.
ASTM Standard C511. Standard Specification for Mixing Rooms, Moist Cabinets, Moist Rooms, and Water Storage Tanks Used in the Testing of Hydraulic Cements and Concretes. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1520/C0511-09.2.
33.
AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials). Standard Method of Test for Surface Resistivity Indication of Concrete’s Ability to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration (AASHTO T 358), AASHTO, Washington, D.C., 2017. https://store.transportation.org/item/publicationdetail/4170.
34.
ASTM C39/C39M. Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2016, pp. 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1520/C0039.
35.
ASTM C618. Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2019, pp. 3–6. https://doi.org/10.1520/C0618.
36.
American Coal Ash Association. Fly Ash Facts for Highway Engineers. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling, Vol. 53, No. 9, 2013, pp. 1689–1699. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004.
37.
FreemanE.GaoY.-M.HurtR.SuubergE.Interactions of Carbon-Containing Fly Ash with Commercial Air-Entraining Admixtures for Concrete. Fuel, Vol. 76, No. 8, 1997, pp. 761–765. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(96)00193-7.
38.
HillR. L.SarkarS. L.RathboneR. F.HowerJ. C.An Examination of Fly Ash Carbon and Its Interactions with Air Entraining Agent. Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 27, No. 2, 1997, pp. 193–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(97)00008-2.
