Feasibility of Reusing Marine Dredged Clay Stabilized by a Combination of By-Products in Coastal Road Construction

Abstract

Road construction work on poor subgrade in coastal, port, and reclamation sites is a traditional challenge for geotechnical engineers because of the typically very weak clayey soil in these domains. This research investigates the effects of adding a new green binder (Fa-RmLG), in different proportions and initial water contents, on the engineering properties of marine dredged clay (MDC) collected from Yeosu port, South Korea. The new green binder used is a combination of fly ash (Fa), phosphogypsum (G), lime (L), and red mud (Rm). In this study, five binder mixtures using different proportions of Fa, G, L, and Rm were blended into MDC with different water contents varying in a range of 1.2 to 2.0 times the liquid limit (LL) value. Tests of unconfined compressive strength, California bearing ratio, swelling, and shrinkage were performed on the stabilized MDC mixtures. As a result, large increases in the strength and bearing capacity as well as significant reductions of the swelling and shrinkage values of the stabilized MDC mixtures were recorded compared with unstabilized MDC. Scanning electric microscope and X-ray diffraction analyses were performed to observe the formation and presence of gels inside the stabilized MDC mixtures. Regarding environmental impact, the pH of the stabilized MDC mixtures did not increase above the corrosive limit (pH = 12.5) by the measured pH value. These results indicate that the new green binder can be used as an effective stabilizer for the stabilization of MDC in coastal road construction.

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Moon

Kim

J. H.

Lee

J. Y.

Kim

S. G.

Chung

C. W.

Evaluation of Pozzolanic Activity for Effective Utilization of Dredged Sea Soil. International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials, Vol. 11, No. 4, 2017, pp. 637–646. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40069-017-0215–6.

Yilmaz

Civelekoglu

Gypsum: An Additive for Stabilization of Swelling Clay Soils. Applied Clay Science, Vol. 44, No. 1–2, 2009, pp. 166–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2009.01.020.

Prusinski

J. R.

Bhattacharja

Effectiveness of Portland Cement and Lime Stabilizing Clay Soils. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1999. 1652: 215–227.

Kang

Tsuchida

Athapaththu

A. M. R. G.

Engineering Behavior of Cement-Treated Marine Dredged Clay during Early and Later Stages of Curing. Engineering Geology, Vol. 209, 2016, pp. 163–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2016.05.008.

Kim

Y. T.

T. H.

Effect of Bottom Ash Particle Size on Strength Development in Composite Geomaterial. Engineering Geology, Vol. 139–140, No. 40, 2012, pp. 85–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2012.04.012.

Mun

K. J.

Hyoung

W. K.

Lee

C. W.

S. Y.

Soh

Y. S.

Basic Properties of Non-Sintering Cement Using Phosphogypsum and Waste Lime as Activator. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 21, No. 6, 2007, pp. 1342–1350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.12.022.

T. M.

Kim

Y. S.

Engineering Properties of Controlled Low Strength Material (CLSM) Incorporating Red Mud. International Journal of Geo-Engineering, Vol. 7, No. 1, 2016, p. 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40703-016-0022-y.

Sharma

A. K.

Sivapullaiah

P. V.

Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Amended Fly Ash as an Expansive Soil Stabilizer. Soils and Foundations, Vol. 56, No. 2, 2016, pp. 205–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2016.02.004.

Ouhadi

V. R.

Yong

R. N.

Ettringite Formation and Behaviour in Clayey Soils. Applied Clay Science, Vol. 42, No. 1–2, 2008, pp. 258–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2008.01.009.

10.

Dayioglu

Aydilek

Cetin

Preventing Swelling and Decreasing Alkalinity of Steel Slags Used in Highway Infrastructures. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2014. 2401: 52–57.

11.

Modarres

Nosoudy

Y. M.

Clay Stabilization Using Coal Waste and Lime – Technical and Environmental Impacts. Applied Clay Science, Vol. 116–117, 2015, pp. 281–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2015.03.026.

12.

Tikalsky

P. J.

Bahia

H. U.

Deng

Snyder

Excess Foundry Sand Characterization and Experimental Investigation in Controlled Low-Strength Material and Hot-Mixing Asphalt. DE-FC36-01ID13974. The Pennsylvania Transportation Institute, 2004.

13.

Razak

H. A.

Naganathan

Hamid

S. N. A.

Performance Appraisal of Industrial Waste Incineration Bottom Ash as Controlled Low-Strength Material. Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 172, No. 2–3, 2009, pp. 862–867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.07.070.

14.

Kim

Y. S.

Dang

M. Q.

T. M.

Lee

J. K.

Soil Stabilization by Ground Bottom Ash and Red Mud. Geomechanics and Engineering, Vol. 1, 2018, pp. 105–112. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2018.16.1.105.

15.

Lee

N. K.

Kim

H. K.

Park

I. S.

Lee

H. K.

Alkali-Activated, Cementless, Controlled Low-Strength Materials (CLSM) Utilizing Industrial By-Products. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 49, 2013, pp. 738–746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.09.002.

16.

Little

D. N.

Nair

Herbert

Addressing Sulfate-Induced Heave in Lime Treated Soils. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 136, No. 1, 2010, pp. 110–118. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000185.

17.

American Concrete Institute (ACI). 230.1R-09 Report on Soil Cement. Farmington Hills, Mich., 2009.

18.

Soil Stabilization For Pavements . UFC 3-250-11. Unified Facilities Criteria, Washington, D.C., 2004.

19.

Muntohar

A. S.

Widianti

Hartono

Diana

Engineering Properties of Silty Soil Stabilized with Lime and Rice Husk Ash and Reinforced with Waste Plastic Fiber. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 25, No. 9, 2013, pp. 1260–1270. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000659.

20.

O’Neill

M. W

. Methodology for Foundations on Expansive Clays. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, Vol. 106, No. 12, 1980, pp. 1345–1367.

21.

Krishna

A. M.

Emerging Trends in Geotechnical Engineering. Proc., National Workshop on Emerging Trends in Geotechnical Engineering (ETGE 2012), Guwahati, India, 2012.

22.

Padilla-Corona

Foundations on Expansive Soils in Mexico. Proc., 6th International Conference on Case History in Geotechnical Engineering, Arlington, VA, 2008. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1976.03615995004000030011x.

23.

Katz

Rauch

Liljestrand

Harmon

Shaw

Albers

Mechanisms of Soil Stabilization with Liquid Ionic Stabilizer. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2001. 1757: 50–57.

24.

Sivapullaiah

P. V.

Jha

A. K.

Gypsum Induced Strength Behaviour of Fly Ash-Lime Stabilized Expansive Soil. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, Vol. 32, No.5, 2014, pp. 1261–1273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-014-9799–7.

25.

Kim

Y. S.

T. M.

Kim

M. J.

Kim

B. J.

Kim

H. K.

Utilization of By-Product in Controlled Low-Strength Material for Geothermal Systems: Engineering Performances, Environmental Impact, and Cost Analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 172, 2018, pp. 909–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.260.

26.

Pollution Control & Ecology Commission. Pollution Control and Ecology Commission Regulation No .23. Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality, 2015.