The effect of adding bottom ash to medium-plasticity clay as a soil stabilizer was evaluated in this study by performing triaxial resilient modulus tests. Two log–log resilient modulus prediction equations found in the literature (MEPDG and NCHRP 1-28) were selected and calibrated for mixtures of bottom ash and clay at different moisture contents. It was found that, with 25% bottom ash in the mixture, the resilient modulus increased between 5% and 23% under different stress states. The soil total and matric suctions of the mixtures were indirectly measured using the filter paper method, and the total suction parameter was incorporated in the two log–log prediction models. The nonlinear regression analysis revealed that the average goodness-of-fit statistics for one of the modified models showed highly satisfactory performance in predicting the resilient modulus values.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
LiD.SeligE. T.Resilient Modulus for Fine-grained Subgrade Soils. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 120, No. 6, 1994, pp. 939–957.
2.
BurczykJ. M.KsaibatiK.Anderson-SprecherR.FarrarM. J.Factors Influencing Determination of a Subgrade Resilient Modulus Value. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1994. 1462: 72–78.
3.
BrooksR. M.Soil Stabilization with Fly Ash and Rice Husk Ash. International Journal of Research and Reviews in Applied Sciences, Vol. 1, No. 3, 2009, pp. 209–217.
4.
KhouryN.ZamanM.Correlation Between Resilient Modulus, Moisture Variation, and Soil Suction for Subgrade Soils. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2004. 1874: 99–107.
5.
LiangR. Y.Rabab’ahS.KhasawnehM.Predicting Moisture-Dependent Resilient Modulus of Cohesive Soils Using Soil Suction Concept. Journal of Transportation Engineering, Vol. 134, No. 1, 2008, pp. 34–40.
6.
SawangsuriyaA.EdilT.BensonC.Effect of Suction on Resilient Modulus of Compacted Fine-Grained Subgrade Soils. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2009. 2101: 82–87.
7.
QiJ.VermeerP. A.ChengG.A Review of the Influence of Freeze–Thaw Cycles on Soil Geotechnical Properties. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, Vol. 17, No. 3, 2006, pp. 245–252.
8.
WangD.MaW.NiuY.ChangX.WenZ.Effects of Cyclic Freezing and Thawing on Mechanical Properties of Qinghai–Tibet Clay. Cold Regions Science and Technology, Vol. 48, No. 1, 2007, pp. 34–43.
9.
SolankiP.ZamanM.DeanJ.Resilient Modulus of Clay Subgrades Stabilized with Lime, Class C Fly Ash, and Cement Kiln Dust for Pavement Design. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2010. 2186: 101–110.
10.
GüllüH.Function Finding via Genetic Expression Programming for Strength and Elastic Properties of Clay Treated with Bottom Ash. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 35, 2014, pp. 143–157.
11.
AlhassanM.Potentials of Rice Husk Ash for Soil Stabilization. Assumption University Journal of Technology, Vol. 11, No. 4, 2008, pp. 246–250.
12.
SezerA.İnanG.YılmazH. R.RamyarK.Utilization of a Very High Lime Fly Ash for Improvement of Izmir Clay. Building and Environment, Vol. 41, No. 2, 2006, pp. 150–155.
13.
MisraA.Stabilization Characteristics of Clays using Class C Fly Ash. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1998. 1611: 46–54.
14.
PrusinskiJ.BhattacharjaS.Effectiveness of Portland Cement and Lime in Stabilizing Clay Soils. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1999. 1652: 215–227.
15.
ModarresA.NosoudyY. M.Clay Stabilization Using Coal Waste and Lime: Technical and Environmental Impacts. Applied Clay Science, Vol. 116, 2015, pp. 281–288.
16.
RifaiA.YasufukuN.TsujiK.Characterization and Effective Utilization of Coal Ash as Soil Stabilization on Road Application. In Ground Improvement Technologies and Case Histories (LeungC. FChuJ.ShenR. F., eds.), Research Publishing Services, Singapore, 2009, pp. 469–474.
17.
OsinubiK. J.Stabilisation of Tropical Black Clay with Cement and Pulverised Coal Bottom Ash Admixture. In Advances in Unsaturated Geotechnics (ShackelfordC. D.HonstonS. L.ChangN.-Y., eds.), ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication, Reston, VA, 2000, pp. 289–302.
18.
AhmadJ.MohamedK.RahmanA. S. A.RosliM. I. F.ZulkifliA. R.Clay Stabilization Using OPC and Bottom Ash as Additives. In Regional Conference on Science, Technology and Social Sciences (RCSTSS 2014), Springer, Singapore, 2016, pp. 27–33.
19.
HeidrichC.FeuerbornH.WeirA.Coal Combustion Products: A Global Perspective. Proceedings of the World of Coal Ash Conference, Lexington, KY, 2013, pp. 22–25.
20.
KayabalK.BuluşG.The Usability of Bottom Ash as an Engineering Material When Amended with Different Matrices. Engineering Geology, Vol. 56, No. 3, 2000, pp. 293–303.
BethanisS.CheesemanC. R.Manufacture of Lightweight Aggregate from Incinerator Bottom Ash and Pulverised Fuel Ash. Proceedings of the Heleco Conference, Athens, Greece, 2005.
23.
KleinR.BaumannT.KahapkaE.NiessnerR.Temperature Development in a Modern Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) Bottom Ash Landfill with Regard to Sustainable Waste Management. Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 83, No. 3, 2001, pp. 265–280.
24.
ASTM D1557-12e1. Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3 (2,700 kN-m/m3)), ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2012.
25.
AASHTO T307-99. Standard Method of Test for Determining the Resilient Modulus of Soils and Aggregates, AASHTO, Washington, D.C., 2003.
26.
GrubbsF. E.Procedures for Detecting Outlying Observations in Samples. Technometrics, Vol. 11, No. 1, 1969, pp. 1–21.
27.
FredlundD. G.RahardjoH.Soil Mechanics for Unsaturated Soils. John Wiley & Sons, New York City, NY, 1993.
28.
LeongE-C.TripathyS.RahardjoH.Total Suction Measurement of Unsaturated Soils with a Device Using the Chilled-Mirror Dew-Point Technique. Geotechnique, Vol. 53, No. 2, 2003, pp. 173–182.
29.
BulutR.LyttonR. L.WrayW. K.Soil Suction Measurements by Filter Paper. Expansive Clay Soils and Vegetative Influence on Shallow Foundations, Houston, TX, 2001, pp. 243–261.
30.
DunlapW. A.A Report on a Mathematical Model Describing the Deformation Characteristics of Granular Materials, Texas A&M University, Texas Transportation Institute, Austin, TX, 1963.
31.
ThompsonM. R.RobnettQ. L.Resilient Properties of Subgrade Soils. No. FHWA-IL-UI-160 Final Report, 1976.
32.
MoossazadehJ.WitczakM. W.Prediction of Subgrade Moduli for Soil that Exhibits Nonlinear Behavior. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1981. 810: 10–17.
33.
WitczakM.UzanJ.The Universal Airport Design System, Report I of IV. Granular Material Characterization. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 1988.
34.
ARA, Inc., and ERES Consultants Division. NCHRP Project 1-37A: Guide for Mechanistic-Empirical Design of New and Rehabilitated Pavement Structures. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2004.
35.
NCHRP Web Document 14 for Project 1-28: Laboratory Determination of Resilient Modulus for Flexible Pavement Design. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 1997.
36.
WitteveenP.FerrariA.LalouiL.An Experimental and Constitutive Investigation on the Chemo-mechanical Behaviour of a Clay. Geotechnique, Vol. 63, No. 3, 2013, pp. 244.
37.
RahmanM. T.TarefderR. A.Assessment of Molding Moisture and Suction on Resilient Modulus of Lime Stabilized Clayey Subgrade Soils. Geotechnical Testing Journal, Vol. 38, No. 6, 2015, pp. 1–11.
