Open and Distance Learning in Continuing Education

Battenberg, R.W. "The Boston Gazette, March 20, 1928." Epistolodidaktika 1: 44-45 (1971).

Bratt, J. Engelskundervisningens framväxt i Sverige. Tiden före 1850. Stockholm; Föreningen för svensk undervisningshistoria , 1977.

Holmberg, B. Growth and Structure of Distance Education. Seckenham: Croom Helm, 1986.

The term "supporting organization" for the school, university or other body in charge has been adopted from Delling, who rejects the term "teaching" in connection with distance education. Cf. Delling, R. M. "Versuch der Grundlegung zu einer allgemeinen Fernunterrichtstheorie. Epistolodidaktika 4: 209-226 (1966).

Wedemeyer, C.A. Learning at the Back Door. Reflections on Nontraditional Learning in the Lifespan . Madison: University of Wisconsin , 1981.

Lambert, M.P. New Course Planning. The Strategy and Tactics of Developing a Home Study Course . Washington: National Home Study Council, 1983.

Foks, J. "Towards Open Learning". In Distance Education and the Mainstream, ed. P. Smith and M. Kelly. London: Croom Helm, 1987.

Thorpe. M. and D. Gruegon , eds. Open Learning for Adults. Harlow /-Essex: Longman Group UK Ltd ., 1987.

Holmberg, B. "The Concepts and Applications of Distance Education and Open Learning ". International Journal of Innovative Higher Education 6 (1-2): 24-28 (1989).

Distance education is possible and does occasionally occur without the support of pre-produced courses. A tutor, with whom the student is in non- contiguous contact, then guides the individual student's study of pre-agreed literature.

Thus the Dutch Open Universiteit makes no provision for non-contiguous communication based on assignments.

Ljosa, E. "Course Design and Media Selection - Some Implications on Co-operation between Broadcasting, Publishing and Distance Education Organizations". Epistoladidaktika 1: 75-84 (1977).

Cross, K.P. Accent on Learning. San Francisco and London: Jossey Bass, 1976.

Marland, P.W. and R.E. Store. "Some Instructional Strategies for Improved Learning from Distance Teaching Materials". Distance Education 3 (1): 72-106 (1982).

Ibid.

Ljosa, E. and K.E. Sandvold. "The Student's Freedom of Choice within the Didactical Structure of a Correspondence Course". Epistolodidaktika 1: 34-62 (1983).

Holmberg, B. "Das Leitprogramm im Fernstudium". ZIDD- Papiere 17. Hagen: Fern Universität, 1977.

Ljosa, E. "Why Do We Make Commentary Courses?". In The System of Distance Education, ed. E. Ljosa. Malmö: Hermods, ICCE, 1975.

Weltner, K. "Die Unterstützung autonomen Lernens im Fernstudium durch integrierende Leitprogramme". ZIFF-Papiere 17. Hagen: FernUniversität, 1977.

Plessis, P. du. "Can the Tables Be Turned? Likelihood That Distance Teaching at University Can Be More Effective than Attendance Teaching". Papers 1: 9-18. Pretoria: University of South Africa, 1987.

Jevons, F. " Distance Education in Mixed Institutions: Working towards Parity ". Distance Education 5 (1): 24-27 (1984).

Moore, L. "The Australian Law of Copyright and Its Application to Distance Education ". Distance Education 8 (1): 18-37 (1987).

Tight, M. "London University External Developments". Open Learning 2(2): 49-51 (1987).

Coughlan, R. "The Mentor Role in Individualized Education at Empire State College". Distance Education 1 (1): 1-12 (1980).

Worth. V. "Empire State College/State University of New York Center for Distance Learning". DERG Papers 7. Milton Keynes: The Open University, 1982.

Bradbury, Ph. , and E. Hinds. M. Humm , and D. Robbins. "Innovations in Independent Study at North East London Polytechnic". In Towards the Community University: Case Studies of Innovation and Community Service, ed. D. C. B. Teather. London: Kogan Page, 1982.

Hinds, E. "The School for Independent Study and International Links". ZIFF-Papiere 69. Hagen: Fern Universität , 1987.

Marshall, L. , ed. Independent Study Contracts. Perth: Murdoch University, 1984.

Bynner, J.M. "Masters Teaching in Education by Distance Methods ". Distance Education 7 (1): 23-37 (1981).

Holmberg, B. Theory and Practice of Distance Education. London/ New York: Routledge, 1989.

Popper, K. Canjectures and Refutations : The Growth of Scientific Knowledge. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1963.

Forsythe, K. " Understanding the Effectiveness of Media in the Learning Process ". Paper presented at the World Congress on Education & Technology in Vancouver. May 1986. Victoria: Learning Systems Knowledge Network, 1986.

Holmberg, B. Theory and Practice of Distance Education. op. cit.

"Teleconferencing is the bringing together by electronic means of three or more people in two or more locations to share a common discussion. It is generally understood to include the use of two-way and one-way video (both full motion and slow scan), electronic blackboards, facsimile, computer graphics, radio satellites, and telephones. The most essential portion of all effective teleconferencing is good quality audio". From Robertson, B. "Audio Teleconferencing: Low Cost Technology for External Studies Networking". Distance Education 8 (1): 121-130 (1987).

Ibid.

Castro, A. Teaching and Learning as Communication: The Potentials and Current Applications of Computer-Mediated Communications Systems for Higher Distance Education . A Unesco Conference document. Geelong: Deakin University, 1987.

Lockwood, F. and A. Cooper. "CICERO: Computer-assisted Learning within an Open University Course". Teaching at a Distance 17: 66-72 (1988).

King, B. , D. Sewart and J.E. Gough. "Support Systems in Distance Education". Open Campus? 3:13-28(1980).

Bates, A. W. , Ed. The Role of Technology in Distance Education. London/Sydney : Croom Helm. 1984.

Kayc, T. Computer-Mediated Communications Systems for Distance Education. Report on a Study Tour to North America. Milton Keynes: The Open University, IET, 1985.

Kurland, N.D. "Computer Communications-ANewTool for Distance Education". In Distance Higher Education and the Adult Learners. Heerlen: Open Universiteit, 1986 .

Lampikoski, K. "Boosts from Computers in Distance Education ". Epistolodidaktika 1: 58-73 (1984).

O'Shea, T. "Computer Assisted Learning in Distance Education". Finn Spring Workshop 1984. A Collection of Conference Documents . Helsinki: EHSC/Markkinionti Instituuti, 1984. Alsopublishedin Epistolodidaktika 1:44-57(1984).

Wedemeyer. op. cit.

Dclling, R.M. "Towards a Theory of Distance Education". ICDE Bulletin 13: 21-35 (1987).

Graff, K. Voraussetzungen erfolgreichen Fernstudiums. Dargestellt am Beispiel des schwedischen Fernstudiensystems. Hamburg: Lüdke , 1970.

Forsythe, op. cit.

Peters, O. Die didaktische Struktur des Fernunterrichts. Untersuchungen zu einer industrialisierten Form des Lehrens und Lernens. Tübinger Beitrage zum Fernstudium 7. Weinheim: Beltz, 1973.

Peters, O. "Distance Teaching and Industrial Production: A Comparative Interpretation in Outline". In Distance Education. International Perspectives . D. Steward , D. Keegan and B. Homberg , eds. London: Croom Helm, 1983.

Peters, O. "The Iceberg Has Not Melted: Further Reflections on the Concept of Industrialisation and Distance Teaching". Open Learning, November 1989.

Moore, M.G. "Towards a Theory of Independent Learning and Teaching". Journal of Higher Education 44: 661-668( 1973)

Sewart, D. "Distance Teaching: A Contradiction in Terms?". Teaching at a Distance 19: 8-18 (1981).

Smith, K.C. "External Studies at the University of New England. An Exercise in Integration". In The System of Distance Education, E. Ljosa , ed. Malmo: Hermods/ICCE , 1975.

Keegan, D.J. Foundations of Distance Education. London and New York: Routledge, 1990.

Graff, op. cit.

Perraton. H. "A Theory for Distance Education". Prospects XI 1: 13-24 (1981).

Perraton, H. "Theories, Generalisation and Practice in Distance Education". Open Learning 2(3):3-12(1987).

Holmberg, B. , R. Schuemer and A. Obermeier. Zur Effizienz des gelenkten didaktischen Gespräches. ZIFF-Projekt 2.6, Schlußbericht mit einer englischen Zusammenfassung (with an English summary) . Hagen: FernUniversität. ZIFF, 1982.

Holmberg, B. "The Concepts and Applications of Distance Education-", op. cit.

Holmberg, B. Theory and Practice of Distance Education, op. cit.

Egan, K. Structural Communication. Belmont, California: Fearon, 1976.

Baath, J.A. Correspondence Education in the Light of a Number of Contemporary Models. Malmö: LiberHermods, 1979.