Flumazenil Reverses Paradoxical Reaction to Midazolam in a Child

Parnis SJ , Foate JA , Van der Walt JH , Short T , Crowe CE. Oral midazolam is an effective premedication for children having day-stay anaesthesia. Anaesth Intens Care 1992; 20:9–14.

Beebe DS , Belani KG , Chang Pi Mian , et al. Effectiveness of preoperative sedation with rectal midazolam, ketamine or their combination in young children. Anesth Analg 1992; 75:880–884.

Karl HW , Rosenberger JL , Larach HG , Ruffle JM. Transmucosal administration of midazolam for premedication of pediatric patients: comparison of nasal and sublingual routes. Anesthesiology 1993;78:885–891.

Sandler ES , Weyman C , Conner K , et al. Midazolam versus fentanyl as premedication for painful procedures in children with cancer. Pediatrics 1992; 89:631–634.

Theroux MC , West DW , Cordary DH , et al. Efficacy of intranasal midazolam in facilitating suturing of lacerations in pre-school children in the Emergency Department. Pediatrics 1993; 91:624–627.

Lobo BL , Miwa LJ. Midazolam disinhibition reaction. DICP 1988; 22:725.

Burnakis TG , Berman DE. Hostility and hallucinations as a consequence of midazolam administration. DICP 1989; 23:671–672.

Doyle WL , Perrin L. Emergence delirium in a child given oral midazolam for conscious sedation. Ann Emerg Med 1994; 24:1173–1175.

Baraff LJ. Conscious sedation of children. Ann Emerg Care 1984; 24:1170–1172.

Hall RCW , Ziszook S. Paradoxical reactions to benzodiazepines. Br J Clin Pharm 1981; 11:99S–104S.

Blitt CD , Petty WC. Reversal of Lorazepam Delirium by Physostigmine. Anesth Analg 1975; 54:607–608.

Short TG , Forrest P , Galletly DC. Paradoxical reactions to benzodiazepines—a genetically determined phenomenon. Anaesth Intens Care 1987; 15:330–331.

Olympio MA. Post-anaesthetic delirium: historical perspectives. J Clin Anesth 1991; 3:60–63.

Jones RDS , Lawson AD , Andrew LJ , Gunawardene WMS , Bacon-Shone J. Antagonism of the hypnotic effect of mida-zolam in children: a randomised, double blind study of placebo and flumazenil administered after midazolam-induced anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 1991; 66:660–666.

Ricou B , Forster A , Bruckner A , Chastony P , Gemperle M. Clinical evaluation of a specific benzodiazepine antagonist (RO15–1788). Br J Anaesth 1986; 58:1005–1011.

Rodrigo CR. Flumazenil reverses paradoxical reaction with midazolam. Anesth Prog 1991; 38:65–68.

Honan V. Paradoxical reaction to midazolam and control with flumazenil. Gastro Intest Endosc 1994; 40:86–88.

Sugarman JM , Paul RI. Flumazenil: A Review. Ped Emerg Care 1994; 10:37–43.

Lopez-Herce J , Lopez de Sa E , Garcia de Frias E. Reversal of midazolam sedation with rectal flumazenil in children. Crit Care Med 1994; 22:1204.

Amrein R , Hetzel W. Pharmacology of Dormicum (midazo-lam) and Anexate (flumazenil). Acta Anaesthiol Scand 1990; 34 Supplement 92:6–15.

McMillan CO , Spahr-Schopfer IA , Sikich N , Hartley E , Lerman J. Premedication of children with oral midazolam. Can J Anaesth 1992; 39:545–550.

Allonen H , Ziegler G , Klotz U. Midazolam kinetics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1981; 30:653–661.

Vree TB , Shimoda M , Driessen JJ , et al. Decreased plasma albumin concentration results in increased volume of distribution and decreased elimination of midazolam in intensive care patients. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1989; 46:534–544.

Bergman I , Steeves M , Burckart G , Thompson A. Reversible neurological abnormalities associated with prolonged intravenous midazolam and fentanyl administration. J Pediatr 1991; 119:644–649.

McDonald RL. The Effects of Personality Type on Drug Response. Arch Gen Psych 1967; 17:680–686.

Short TG , Maling T , Galletly DC. Ventricular arrhythmia precipitated by flumazenil. Br Med J 1988; 296:1070–1071.

Marchant B , Wray R , Leach A , Nama M. Flumazenil causing convulsions and ventricular tachycardia. Br Med J 1989; 299:860.

Karl HW. Midazolam sedation for pediatric patients. Curr Opin Anaesth 1993; 6:509–514.

Payne K , Mattheyse FJ , Liebenberg S , Dawes T. The pharmacokinetics of midazolam in paediatric patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1989; 37:267–272.

Raybould D , Bradshaw EG. Premedication for day case surgery. Anaesthesia 1987; 42:591–595.