Morphine Overdose from Patient-Controlled Analgesia Pumps

Keeri-Szanto M. Apparatus for demand analgesia. Can Anaesth Soc J 1971, 18:581–582.

Grey TC , Sweeny PS. Patient controlled analgesia. JAMA 1988; 259:2240.

Thomas DW , Owen H. Patient controlled analgesia—the need for caution. Anaesthesia 1988; 43:770–772.

Grover ER , Heath ML. Patient controlled analgesia—a serious incident. Anaesthesia 1992; 47:402–404.

Southern DA , Read MS. Overdosage of opiate from patient controlled analgesia devices. Br Med J 1994; 309:1002.

Notcutt WG , Knowles P , Kaldas R. Overdose of opioid from patient-controlled analgesia pumps. Br J Anaesth 1992; 69:95–97.

Notcutt WG. Patient controlled analgesia—the need for caution. Anaesthesia 1989; 44:268.

Notcutt WG , Morgan RJM. Introducing patient controlled analgesia for postoperative pain control into a district general hospital. Anaesthesia 1990; 45:401–406.

Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists. Patient-controlled intravenous opioid analgesia (advisory guidelines), Melbourne 1995.