AshbaughD.G., BigelowD.B., PettyT.L., LevineB.E.Acute respiratory distress in adults. Lancet1967; 320–323.
2.
PettyT.L., SilversG.W., PaulG.W., StanfordR.E.Abnormalities in lung elastic properties and surfactant function in adult respiratory distress syndrome. Chest1979; 75: 571–574.
MurrayJ.F., MatthayM.A., LuceJ.M., FlickM.R.An expanded definition of Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Am Rev Resp Dis1988; 138: 720–23.
5.
SimmonsR.S., BerdineG.G., SeidenfeldJ.J.Fluid balance and the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis1987; 135: 924–929.
6.
MatthayM.A.The Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Definition and Prognosis. Clinics in Chest Medicine1990; 11 (4): 575–580.
7.
ShoemakerW.C., AppelP.L., KramH.B., WaxmanK., LeeT-S.Prospective Trial of Supranormal Values of Survivors as Therapeutic Goals in High-Risk Surgical Patients. Chest1988; 94: 1176–1186.
8.
TuchschmidtJ., FriedJ., AstizM.A., RackowE.Elevation of Cardiac Output and Oxygen Delivery Improves Outcome in Septic Shock. Chest1992; 102: 216–220.
9.
HedenstiernaG.The Anatomical and Alveolar Deadspace During Respiratory Treatment. Br J Anaesth1975; 47: 993–999.
10.
HotchkissR.S., WilsonR.S.Mechanical ventilatory support. Surg Clin North Am1983; 63: 417–438.
11.
EriksenJ., AndersenJ., RasmesseunJ.P., SorensenB.Effects of Ventilation with Large Tidal Volumes or Positive End-Expiratory Pressure on Cardiorespiratory Function in Anaesthetized Obese Patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand1978; 22: 241–248.
12.
TsunoK., MiuraK., TakeyaM., KolobowT., MoriokaT.Histopathologic Pulmonary Changes from Mechanical Ventilation at High Peak Airway Pressures. Am Rev Respir Dis1991; 143: 1115–1120.
13.
BowtonD.L., KongD.L.High tidal volume ventilation produces increased lung water in oleic acid-injured rabbit lung. Crit Care Med1989; 17: 908–911.
14.
AbrahamE., YoshiharaG.Cardiorespiratory Effects of Pressure Controlled Ventilation in Severe Respiratory Failure. Chest1990; 98: 1445–1449.
15.
HicklingK.G., HendersonS.J., JacksonR.Low mortality associated with low volume pressure limited ventilation with permissive hypercapnia in severe adult respiratory distress syndrome. Inten Care Med1990; 16: 372–377.
16.
PepeP.E., HudsonL.D., CarricoC.J.Early Application of Positive End-Expiratory Pressure in Patients at Risk for the Adult Respiratory-Distress Syndrome. N Engl J Med1984; 311: 281–286.
17.
SpringerR.R., StevensP.M.The Influence of PEEP on Survival of Patients in Respiratory Failure. Am J Med1979; 66: 196–200.
18.
KatzJ.A., OzanneG.M., ZinnS.E., FairleyH.B.Time Course and Mechanisms of Lung-volume Increase with PEEP in Acute Pulmonary Failure. Anesthesiology1981; 54: 9–16.
19.
KumarA., FalkeK.J., GeffinB.Continuous Positive-Pressure Ventilation in Acute Respiratory Failure. N Engl J Med1970; 283: 1430–1436.
20.
MaloJ., AliJ., WoodL.D.H.How does positive end-expiratory pressure reduce intrapulmonary shunt in canine pulmonary edema?J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exercise Physiol1984; 57 (4): 1002–1010.
21.
PareP.D., WarrinerB., BaileE.M., HoggJ.C.Redistribution of Pulmonary Extravascular Water with Positive End-expiratory Pressure in Canine Pulmonary Edema. Am Rev Respir Dis1983; 127: 590–593.
22.
SuterP.M., FairleyH.B., IsenbergM.D.Optimum End-Expiratory Airway Pressure in Patients with Pulmonary Failure. N Engl J Med1975; 292: 284–289.
23.
RalphD.D., RobertsonH.T., WeaverL.J., HiastalaM.P., CarricoC.J., HudsonL.D.Distribution of Ventilation and Perfusion during Positive End-Expiratory Pressure in the Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis1985; 131: 54–60.
24.
QvistJ., PontoppidanH., WilsonR.S., LowersteinE., LaverM.B.Hemodynamic Responses to Mechanical Ventilation with PEEP. Anesthesiology1975; 42 (1): 45–54.
25.
FewellJ.E., AbendscheinD.R., CarlsonC.J., MurrayJ.F., RapaportE.Continuous Positive-pressure Ventilation Decreases Right and Left Ventricular End—Diastolic Volumes in the Dog. Circ Res1980; 46: 125–132.
26.
CassidyS.S., EschenbacherW.L., JohnsonR.L.Reflex Cardiovascular Depression during Unilateral Lung Hyperinflation in the Dog. J Clin Invest1979; 64: 620–626.
27.
DorinskyP.M., WhitcombM.E.The Effect of PEEP on Cardiac Output. Chest1983; 84: 210–216.
28.
PetersenG.W., BaierH.Incidence of pulmonary barotrauma in a medical ICU. Crit Care Med1983; 11: 67–69.
WalkinshawM., ShoemakerW.C.Use of volume loading to obtain preferred levels of PEEP. Crit Care Med1980; 8: 81–86.
31.
MurrayJ.P., ModellJ.H., GallagherT.J.Titration of PEEP by the arterial minus end-tidal carbon dioxide gradient. Chest1984; 85: 100–104.
32.
NelsonL, CivettaJ., Hudson-CivettaJ.Titrating positive end-expiratory pressure therapy in patients with early, moderate arterial hypoxaemia. Crit Care Med1987; 14: 14–19.
33.
AndersenJ.B.Ventilatory strategy in catastrophic lung disease. Inversed ratio ventilation (IRV) and combined high frequency ventilation (CHFV). Acta Anaesthesiol Scand33 (Suppl 90) 1989; 145–148.
34.
GurevitchM.J., Van DykeJ., YoungE.S., JacksonK.Improved Oxygenation and Lower Peak Airway Pressure in Severe Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Treatment with inverse ratio ventilation. Chest1986; 89: 211–213.
35.
TharrattR.S., AllenR.P., AlbertsonT.E.Pressure Controlled Inverse Ratio Ventilation in Severe Adult Respiratory Failure. Chest1988; 94: 755–762.
36.
BrownD.G., PiersonD.J.Auto-PEEP is Common is Mechanically Ventilated Patients: A Study of Incidence, Severity and Detection. Respir Care1986; 31: 1069–1074.
37.
PepeP.E., MariniJ.J.Occult Positive End-Expiratory Pressure in Mechanically Ventilated Patients with Airflow Obstruction. Am Rev Respir Dis;1982; 126: 166–169.
38.
ColeA.G.H., WellerS.F., SykesM.K.Inverse ratio ventilation compared with PEEP in adult respiratory failure. Intensive Care Med1984; 10: 227–232.
39.
StollerJ.K., KaemarekR.M.Ventilatory Strategies in the Management of the Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Clinics in Chest Medicine1990; 11 (4): 755–772.
40.
CarlonG.C., HowlandW.S., GroegerJ.S., RayC., MiodownikS.Role of high-frequency jet ventilation in the management of respiratory failure. Crit Care Med1984; 12 (9): 777–779.
41.
HolzapfelL., RobertD., PerrinF., GaussorguesP., GiudicelliD.P.Comparison of high-frequency jet ventilation to conventional ventilation in adults with respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med1987; 13: 100–105.
42.
MacintyreN.R., FolletJ.V., DietzJ.L., LawlorB.R.Jet Ventilation at 100 Breaths Per Minute in Adult Respiratory Failure. Am Rev Respir1986; 134: 897–901.
43.
SchusterD.P., KlainM., SnyderJ.V.Comparison of high frequency jet ventilation to conventional ventilation during severe respiratory failure in humans. Crit Care Med1982; 10 (10): 625–630.
44.
BaumannM.H., SahnS.A.Medical Management and Therapy of Bronchopleural Fistulas in the Mechanically Ventilated Patient. Chest1990; 97: 721–728.
45.
BishopM.J., BensonM.S., PiersonD.J.Carbon Dioxide Excretion via Bronchopleural Fistulas in Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Chest1987; 91: 400–402.
46.
PiehlM.A., BrownR.S.Use of extreme position changes in acute respiratory failure. Crit Care Med1976; 4 (1): 13–14.
47.
WienerC.M., KirkW., AlbertR.K.Prone position reverses gravitational distribution of perfusion in dog lungs with oleic acid-induced injury. J-Appl-Physiol1990; 68 (4): 1386–1392.
48.
ZapolW.M., SniderM.T., HillJ.D.Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Severe Acute Respiratory Failure. JAMA1979; 242 (20): 2193–2196.
49.
GattinoniL., PesentiA., MasheroniD.Low-Frequency Positive-Pressure Ventilation with Extracorporeal CO2 Removal in Severe Acute Respiratory Failure. JAMA1986; 256 (7): 881–886.
50.
BorelliM., KolobowT., SpatolaR., PratoP., TsunoK.Severe Acute Respiratory Failure Managed with Continuous Positive Airway Pressure and Partial Extracorporeal Carbon Dioxide Removal by an Artificial Membrane Lung. Am Rev Respir Dis1988; 138: 1480–1487.
51.
SuchytaM.R., ClemmerT.P., OrmeJ.F., MorrisA.H., ElliotC.G.Increased Survival of ARDS Patients with Severe Hypoxaemia (ECMO Criteria). Chest1991; 99 (4): 951–955.
52.
BagleyB., BagleyA., HenrieJ., FrererC., BrohamerJ., BurkartJ.Quantitative gas transfer into and out of circulating venous blood by means of an intravenacaval oxygenator. ASAIO Trans199137 (3): M413–415.
53.
MontgomeryA.B., StagerM.A., CarricoC.J., HudsonL.D.Causes of Mortality in Patients with the Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis1985; 132: 485–89.
54.
ZieglerE.J., FisherC.J., SprungC.L.Treatment of Gram-negative and Septic Shock with HA-1A Human Monoclonal Antibody Against Endotoxin. NEJM1991; 324: 429–436.
55.
BigatelloL.M., GreeneR.E., SprungC.L.A randomised trial of HA-1A septic patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. Intens Care Med (in press).
56.
BoneR.C., FisherC.J., ClemmerT.P.A Controlled Clinical Trial of High-dose Methylprednisolene in the Treatment of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock. NEJM1987; 318 (11): 653–658.
57.
LuceJ.M., MontgomeryA.B., MarksJ.D., TurnerJ., MetzC.A., MurrayJ.F.Ineffectiveness of High-dose Methylpredisolone in Preventing Parenchymal Lung Injury and Improving Mortality in Patients with Septic Shock. Am Rev Respir Dis1988; 138: 62–68.
58.
BernardG.R., LuceJ.M., SprungC.L.High-Dose Corticosteroids in Patients with the Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome. NEJM1987; 317: 1565–1570.
HooperR.G., KearlR.A.Established ARDS Treated with a Sustained Course of Adrenocortical Steroids. Chest1990; 97: 138–143.
61.
MeduriG.U., BelenchiaJ.M., EstesR.J., WunderinkR.G., TorkyM.E., LeeperK.V.Fibroproliferative phase of ARDS: Clinical Findings and Effects of Corticosteroids. Chest1991; 100 (4): 943–952.
62.
WarnerD.O., WarnerM.A., DivertieM.B.Open lung biopsy in patients with diffuse pulmonary infiltrates and acute respiratory failure. Am Rev Respir Dis1988; 99: 951–955.
63.
BoneR.C., SlotmanG., MaunderR.Randomised Double-Blind. Multicentre Study of Prostaglandin El in Patients with the Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Chest1989; 96: 114–119.
64.
GotloibL., BarzilayE., ShustakA., WaisZ., JaichenkoJ., LevA.Hemofiltration in Septic ARDS. The Artificial Kidney as an Artificial Endocrine Lung. Resus1986; 31: 123–133.
ExleyA.R., CohenJ., BuurmanW.Monoclonal Antibody to TNF in Severe Septic Shock. Lancet; 1990: 1275–1276.
69.
VincentJ-L, BakkerJ., MarecauxG., ScandeneL., KahnR.J., DupontE.Administration of anti TNF antibody improves left ventricular function in septic shock patients. Results of a pilot study. Chest1992; 101: 810–815.
70.
Van ZeeK.J., KohnoT., Fischer, RockC.S., MoldawerL.L., LowryS.F.Tumor necrosis factor soluble receptors circulate during experimental and clinical inflammation and can protect against excessive tumor necrosis factor α in vitro and in vivo. Proc. Natl Acad Sci1992; 89: 4845–4849.
HosfordD., Paubert BraquetM., BraquetP.Platelet activating factor and cytokine interactions in shock. Resuscitation198918 (2-3): 207–218.
73.
VedderN.B., WinnR.K., RiceC.L., ChiE.Y., ArforsK.E., HarlanJ.M.A monoclonal antibody to the adherence promoting leukocyte glycoprotein CD18, reduces organ injury and improves survival from haemorrhagic shock in rabbits. J Clin Invest1988; 81: 939–44.
74.
SchadeU.F.Pentoxifylline increases survival in murine endotoxin shock and decreases formation of tumour necrosis factor. Circ Shock, 1990; 31 (2): 171–181.
75.
SeearM.D., HannamV.L., KaapaP., RajJ.U., O'BrodovichH.M.Effect of Pentoxifylline on Haemodynamics, Alveolar Fluid Reabsorption and Pulmonary Edema in a Model of Acute Lung Injury. Am Rev Respir Dis1990; 142: 1083–1087.
OlsonN.C., GrizzleM.K., AndersonD.L.Effect of polyethylene glycol-superoxide dismutase and catalase on endotoxaemia in pigs. J Appl Physiol1987; 63: 1526–1532.
79.
MilliganS.A., HoeffelJ.M., GoldsteinI.M., FlickM.R.Effect of Catalase on Endotoxin-induced Acute Lung Injury in Unanaesthetised Sheep. Am Rev Resir Dis1988; 137: 420–428.
80.
WardP.A., TillG.O., KunkelR., BeauchampC.Evidence for Role of Hydroxyl Radical in Complement and Neutrophil-dependent Tissue Injury. J Clin Invest1983; 72: 789–801.
81.
BernardG.R., SwindellB.B., MeredithM.J., CarrollF.E., HigginsS.B.Glutathione (GSH) Repletion by N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) in Patients with the Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). Am Rev Respir Dis1989; 139: 4A221.
82.
JepsenS., HerlevsenP., KnudsenP., BudM.I., KlausenN-O.Antioxidant treatment with N-acetylcysteine during adult respiratory distress syndrome. A prospective, randomised, placebo-controlled study. Crit Care Med1992; 20 (7): 918–923.
83.
LeeC.C., SugermanH.J., TatumJ.L., WrightT.P., HirshP.D., HirshJ.I.Effects of Ibuprofen on a Pig Pseudomonas ARDS Model. J Surg Res1986; 40: 438–444.
84.
SnapperJ.R., HutchinsonA.A., OgletreeM.L., BrighamK.L.Effects of Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors on the Alterations in Lung Mechanics Caused by Endotoxaemia in the Unanaesthetised Sheep. J Clin Invest1983; 72: 63–76.
85.
KopolovicR., ThraikillK.M., MartinD.T.Effects of Ibuprofen on a Porcine Model of Acute Respiratory Failure. J Surg Res1984; 36: 300–305.
86.
SielaffT.D., SugermanH.J., TatumJ.L., BlocherC.R.Successful treatment of adult respiratory distress syndrome by histamine and prostaglandin blockade in a porcine Pseudomonas model. Surgery1987; 102 (2): 350–357.
87.
HauptM.T., JastremskiM.S., ClemmerT.P., MetzC.A., GorisG.B.The Ibuprofen Study Group: Effect of Ibuprofen in patients with severe sepsis. A randomised, double-blind, multicentre study. Crit Care Med1991; 19 (11): 1399.
88.
BernardG.R., ReinesH.D., MetzC.A.Effects of a Short Course of Ibuprofen in Patients with Severe Sepsis. Am Rev Respir Dis1988; 137: A138.
89.
SteinbergS.M., RodriguezJ.L., BitzerL.G., RheeJ.W., KelleyK.A., FlintL.M.Indomethacin Treatment of Human Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Circ-Shock1990; 30: 375–384.
RossaintR., FalkeK.J., LopezF., SlamaK., PisonU., ZapolW.M.Inhaled Nitric Oxide for the Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome. N Engl J Med1993; 328: 399–405.
93.
RadermacherP., SantakB., WustH.J., TarnowJ., FalkeK.J.Prostacyclin and right ventricular function in patients with pulmonary hypertension associated with ARDS. Intens Care Med1990; 16 (4): 227–232.
94.
HardawayR.M., WilliamsC.H., MarvastiM.Prevention of adult respiratory distress syndrome with plasminogen activator in pigs. Crit Care Med1990; 18: 1413–1418.
95.
ProstJ-F, DescheP., JardinF., MargairazA.Comparison of the effects of intravenous altrimine and positive end-expiratory pressure on pulmonary gas exchange in adult respiratory distress syndrome. Eur Respir J1991; 4: 683–687.
HallidayH.L.Treatment of respiratory distress syndrome with surfactant. Intens Ther Clin Monitoring1990; 11: 75–79.
98.
SeidenfeldJ.J., PohlD.F., BellR.C., HarrisG.D., JohansonW.G.Incidence, Site and Outcome of Infection in Patients with the Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis1986; 134: 12–16.
99.
MartinT.R., PistoreseB.P., HudsonL.D., MaunderR.J.The funtion of lung and blood neutrophils in patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Implications for the pathogenesis of lung infections. Am Rev Respir Dis1986; 134: 12–16.
100.
ArtigasA., CarletJ., Le GallJ.R., ChastangC.L., BlanchL., FernandezR.Clinical Presentation, prognostic factors, and outcome of ARDS in the European Collaborative Study (1985-1987): A preliminary report. ZapolW.M., LemaireF., eds. Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome.Marcel Dekker, New York, 1991; 37–59.
101.
SchonfeldS.A., PloysongsangY., DilisioR.Fat Embolism Prophylaxis with Corticosteroids. Ann Intern Med1983; 99: 438–443.
102.
NobleP., BozdeckM., MatthayM.A.Acute lung injury that develops early after bone marrow transplantation is usually noninfectious and the prognosis is poor if mechanical ventilation is required. Am Rev Respir Dis1989.
103.
SchwartzD.B., BoneR.C., BalkR.A., SzidonJ.P.Hepatic-Dysfunction in the Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Chest1989; 95 (4): 871–875.
104.
SchoemakerW.C.Controversies in the Pathophysiology and Fluid Management of Postoperative Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Surg Clin North Am1985; 65 (4): 931–939.
105.
WaandersH., MeindersA.E.Long-term sequelae on pulmonary function in survivors of the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Neth J of Med1991; 38: 177–182.
106.
GeeM.H., GottliebJ.E., AlbertineK.H., KubisJ.M., PetersS.P., FishJ.E.Physiology of aging related to outcome in the adult respiratory distress syndrome. J Appl Physiol1990; 69 (3): 822–829.