Reversal of Biliary Sphincter Spasm with Low dose Glucagon during Operative Cholangiography

Hicken N.F. , McAllister A.J. Operative cholangiography as an aid in reducing the incidence of “overlooked” common bile duct stones: A study of 1,293 choledocholithotomies. Surgery 1964; 55: 753–758.

Lamis P.A. , Letton A.H. , Wilson J.P. Retained common bile duct stones: A new nonoperative technique for treatment. Surgery 1969; 66: 291–296.

Economou G. , Ward-McQuaid J.N. A cross-over comparison of the effect of morphine, pethidine, pentazocine and phenazocine on biliary pressure. Gut 1971; 12: 218–221.

Scholz F.J. Pseudo-obstruction of the common duct in operative cholangiography. Arch Surg 1975; 110: 17.

Bowman W.C. , Rand M.J. Textbook of Pharmacology, 2nd Ed. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford 1980; 25: 20.

Magee D.F. The Biliary System. Taylor W. ed. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1965: 233–247.

McCammon R.L. , Viegas O.J. , Stoelting R.K. , Dryden G.E. Naloxone reversal of choledochoduodenal sphincter spasm associated with narcotic administration. Anesthesiology 1978; 48: 437.

Miller R.E. , Chernish S.M. , Brunelle R.L. Gastrointestinal radiography with glucagon. Gastrointest Radiol 1979; 4: 1–10.

Atkinson R.S. , Rushman G.B. , Lee A.J. A Synopsis of Anaesthesia, 8th Ed. John Wright, Bristol 1977; 551.

Jones R.M. , Fiddian-Green R. , Knight P.R. Narcotic-induced choledochoduodenal sphincter spasm reversed by glucagon. Anesth Analg 1980; 59: 946–947.

Daniel O. , Basu P.K. , Al-Samarrae H.M. Use of glucagon in the treatment of acute diverticulitis. Br Med J 1974; 3: 720–722.