The electrical plethysmogram, as a monitor of cardiovascular function, is reviewed; and its use as peripheral pulse monitor during clinical anaesthesia is evaluated.
References
1.
AbramsonD. I. (1967): “Circulation in the extremities”, Academic Press, New York.
2.
AcknerB. (1956): “Emotions and peripheral vasomotor system”, J. Psychosom. Res., 1, 320.
3.
BaezS. (1971): “Anaesthesia and microcirculation”. Anesthesiology, 35, 333.
4.
BallG. R., PallettJ., and ShillingfordJ. P. (1961): “An automatic finger blood pressure recorder”. Lancet., 2, 1178.
5.
BeddardJ. (1965): “Amplitude observation during closed circuit halothane anaesthesia with the vaporiser inside the circuit”. Brit. J. Anaesth., 37, 354.
6.
BeeneT. K., and EggersG. W. N. (1974): “Use of the pulse monitor for determining sympathetic block of the arm”, Anesthesiology, 40, 412.
7.
BercoviciB., and PaltiY. (1967): “Comparison between uterine, upped vaginal, lower vaginal and digital pulse”, Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 98, 414.
8.
BrodskyJ. B. (1975): “A simple method to determine patency of the ulnar artery intra-operatively prior to radial-artery cannulation”, Anesthesiology, 42, 626.
9.
BurchG. E., CohnA. E., and NeumannC. (1942): “A study by quantitative methods of the spontaneous variation in volume of the finger tip. toe tip and posterior-superior portion of the pinna of resting white adults”, Amer. J. Physiol., 136, 433.
10.
BurchG. E., and De PasqualeN. (1960): “Relation of arterial pressure to spontaneous variation in digital volume”, J. Appl. Physiol., 15, 23.
11.
BurtonA. C. (1939): “The range of variability of the blood flow in the human fingers. The vaso-motor regulation of body temperature. Amer. J. Physiol., 127, 437.
12.
ChambirasP. (1970): “Evaluation of sedation in dental practice”, Aust. Dental J., 15, 112.
13.
DavidsonG. M. (1961): “Peripheral blood flow during anaesthesia”. Aust. New Zeal. J. Surg., 31, 29.
14.
De BakeyM. E., BurchG., RayT., and OchsnerA. (1947): “The ‘Borrowing-Lending’ Hemodynamics Phenomenon (Hemometakinesia) and its therapeutic application in peripheral vascular disturbances”, Annul. Surg., 126, 850.
15.
EastwoodD. W. (1970): “Monitoring the anaesthetised patient”. Anesthesiology, 32, 180.
16.
EastwoodD. (1959): “Finger block for local vasodilatation”, Anesthesiology, 20, 704.
17.
EichnaL. W., and WilkinsR.W. (1942): “Capillary blood pressure in man. Direct measurements in the digits during induced vaso-constriction”, J. Clin. Invest., 21, 697.
18.
FosterA. D., NeumannC., and RovenstineE. A. (1945): Peripheral circulation during anaesthesia. shock and haemorrhage; the digital plethysmograph as a clinical guide”, Anesthesiology, 6, 246.
19.
FoxR. H., and EdholmO. G. (1963): “Nervous control of the cutaneous circulation”, Brit. Med. Bull., 19, 110.
20.
GrovemanJ., CohenD. D., and DillonJ. B. (1966): “Rhinoplethysmography”, Anesth. Analg Curr. Rec., 45, 63.
HeistadD. D., and AbboudF. M. (1974): “Factors that influence blood flow in skeletal muscle and skin”, Anesthesiology, 41, 139.
23.
HersheyS. G., ZweifachB. W., and RovenstineE. A. (1953): “Effects of depth of anaesthesia on behaviour of peripheral vascular bed”, Anesthesiology, 14, 245.
24.
HertzmanA. B. (1937): “Photoelectric plethysmography of the fingers and toes in man., Proc. Soc. Biol. Med., 37, 529.
25.
HertzmanA. B., and DillonJ. B. (1939): “Vascular activity in skin and nasal septum”, Amer. J. Physiol., 127, 682.
26.
HymanC., BurnapD., and FigarS. (1963): “Bilateral differences in forearm blood flow as measured with capacitance plethysmograph”, J. Appl. Physiol., 18, 997.
27.
JohnstoneM. (1967): “The effects of sedation on the digital plethysmogram (a radio-telemetric study of haloperidol)”, Anaesthesia, 22, 3.
28.
JohnstoneM. (1974): “Digital vaso-dilatation as a sign of anaesthesia”, Brit. J. Anaesth., 46, 414.
KimJ. W., AwakawaK., and Von LintelT. (1975): “Use of the pulse-wave monitor as a measurement of diagnostic sympathetic block and of surgical sympathectomy”, Anesth. Analg. Curr. Res., 54, 289.
31.
KornerM. (1974): “UNTERSUCHUNGEN NIT fotoelektrischen Pulsabnehmern”, ZUR Anesthetist., 23, 209.
32.
KovacA., and SmulewiczJ. (1969): “The use of the pulse monitor in retrograde arteriography”, Angiology, 20, 483.
33.
LebowitzM. H. (1970): “Gangrene of a thumb, following the use of the photoelectric plethysmograph during anaesthesia”, Anesthesiology, 32, 164.
34.
LichtiE. L., KeiterW. F., and HenzelJ. H. (1971): “Atraumatic evaluation of peripheral vascular disease in older patients”, Geriatrics, 26, 80.
35.
LintonR. R., MorrisonP. J., UlfelderH., and LibbyA. L. (1941): “Therapeutic venous occlusion, its effect on arterial inflow”, Amer. Heart J., 21, 191.
36.
LynnR. B., and ShackmanR. (1951): “The peripheral circulation during general anaesthesia and surgery”, Brit. Med. J., 2, 333.
37.
MuirV. M. J. (1973): “Pulse monitors in outpatient dental anaesthesia”, Anaesthesia, 28, 312.
38.
PaucaA. L., and HopkinsA. M. (1971): “Acute effects of halothane, nitrous oxide and thiopentone on the upper limb flow”, Brit. J. Anaesth., 43, 326.
39.
PhelpsJ. A., and SassD. J. (1969): “A portable battery-powered instrument for visualizing the peripheral pulse wave form and pulse rate”, Anesth. Analg. Curr. Res., 48, 582.
40.
RobinsonR. E., and EastwoodD. (1959): “Use of a photosphygmomanometer in indirect blood pressure measurement”, Anesthesiology, 20, 704.
41.
RedischW., WertheimerL., De LilseC., and SteeleJ. M. (1954): “Comparison of various vascular beds in man. Their response to simple dilator stimuli”, Circulation, 9, 63.
42.
RowellL. B. (1973): “The cutaneous circulation. In Howell-Fulton Physiology and Biophysics, 20th Ed. W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia.
43.
SchotzS., BloomS. S., HelmsworthF. W., DodgeH. C., and BirkmireE. C. (1959): “The ear oximeter as a circulatory monitor”, Brit. J. Anaesth., 31, 190.
44.
ShanksC. A. (1975): “Heat balance during surgery involving body cavities”, Anaesth. Intens. Care, 3, 114.
45.
StephensF. R. N. (1970): “A calibrated tissue perfusion and heart rate monitor”. Proc. 111 Asian Australian Congress of Anesthesiology, Butter-worth, Aust., p. 191.
46.
StephensF. R. N. (1977): “The tissue perfusion monitor”, In Medi-Link, Tape 4; Produced by Link Television, Artarmon, Sydney.
47.
StrandnessD. E., ParrishD., HicksonA. H., and BellJ. W. (1964): “Effects of the depth of anaesthesia on peripheral vascular dynamics”, Anesthesiology, 25, 479.
48.
TammistoT., RosenbergP., and ElfvingG. (1969): “The effect of anaesthesia and operation on skin and muscle temperature of the lower limbs”, Ann. Chir. Gynaecol. Fenn., 58, 36.
49.
ThompsonW. J. (1967): “The effect of induction of anaesthesia on peripheral haemodynamics”, Brit. J. Anaesth., 33, 600.
50.
ThuneP. (1970): “Plethysmographic recordings of skin pulses with particular reference to the piezoelectric method”, Acta. Dermatov., 50, 27.
51.
WilkinsR. W., and BradleyS. E. (1946): “Changes in arterial and venous blood pressure and flow distal to a cuff inflated on the human arm”, Amer. J. Physiol., 147, 260.
52.
ZweiflerA. J., CushingG., and ConwayJ. (1967): “The relationship between pulse volume and blood flow in the fingers”, Angiology, 18, 591.
