A Review of Blood Warmers for Massive Transfusion

Bennett P. J. , and Alladine F. (1967): “Apparatus for warming blood for transfusions”, Brit. Med. J. 3, 787.

Bennike K. A. , and Hagelsten J. (1964): “A simple bloodwarming set”, Brit. J. Anaesth., 36, 600 (C).

Besseling J. L. N. , Bull A. B. , Du Plessis J. M. E. , and Mason I. M. (1965): “The rapid warming of blood for massive transfusion by radiofrequency induction”, S. Afr. Med. J., 39, 137–140.

Bigelow W. C. (1959): “Methods of inducing hypothermia and rewarming”, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 80, 522–532.

Boyan C. P. , and Howland W. S. (1961): “Blood temperature: A critical factor in massive transfusion.” Anesthesiology, 22, 559–563.

Boyan C. P. , and Howland W. S. (1963): “Cardiac arrest and temperature of bank blood”, J. Amer. Med. Assoc., 183, 58–60.

Budek J. (1970): “Burst firing techniques using triacs”, Application Report B86 Texas Instruments Ltd.

Burton A. C. (1965): Physiology and Biophysics, 19th ed., p. 529. Philadelphia: Saunders.

Chalmers C. , and Russell W. J. (1973): “When does blood haemolyse: a temperature study ?”, Brit. J. Anaesth., 45 (in press—abstract).

Coulter N. A. Jr. and Pappenheimer J. R. (1949): “Development of turbulence in flowing blood”, Amer. J. Physiol., 159, 401.

Dybkjaer E. , and Elkjaer P. (1964): “The use of heated blood in massive blood replacement”, Acta Anaesth. Scand., 8, 261–278.

Ferguson A. T. , Wilson J. N. , Jenkins D. , and Swan H. (1958): “Effects of hypothermia on haemorrhagic shock”, Ann. Surg., 147, 281–288.

Golden F. St. C. (1973): “Recognition and treatment of immersion hypothermia”, Proc. R. Soc. Med., 66, 1058–1061.

Hegnauer A. H. (1959): “Lethal hypothermia temperatures for dog and man”, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 80, 315–319.

Hervey G. R. (1973): “Physiological changes encountered in hypothermia”, Proc. R. Soc. Med., 66, 1053–1058.

Hoffman B. F. (1959): “Hypothermia and vulnerability”, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 80, 348–350.

Koons R. A. (1964): “Bloodwarmer”, Anesthesiology, 25, 724–725.

LeVeen H. H. , Pasternack H. S. , Lustrin I. , Shapiro R. B. , Becker E. , and Heft A. E. (1960): Hemorrhage and transfusion as the major cause of cardiac arrest”, J. Amer. Med. Assoc, 173, 770–777.

Lovelock J. E. , and Smith A. U. (1959): “Heat transfer from and to animals in experimental hypothermia and freezing”, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 80, 487–499.

MacLean L. D. , and Van Tyn R. A. (1961): “Ventricular defibrillation: an experimental investigation of voltage requirements and effect of electrode size”, J. Amer. Med. Assoc, 175, 471–474.

Manners J. M. , and Mills K. L. M. (1968): “Another blood warmer: some observations of change using the ‘Hemokinetitherm’”, Anaesthesia, 23, 646–656.

McCullough J. , Polesky H. F. , Nelson C. , and Hoff T. (1972): “Iatrogenic hemolysis: a complication of blood warmed by a microwave device”, Anesth. Analg. Curr. Res., 51, 102–106.

Monks P. S. (1971): “Safe use of electromedical equipment”, Anaesthesia, 26, 264–280.

Oznsky J. (1963): “Hypothermia ventricular fibrillation and halothane”, S. Afr. Med. J., 37, 110–112.

Philpott B. , and Slee I. P. (1967): “An inexpensive and safe blood warming unit”, Lancet, 2, 1237.

Reed L. J. (1969): “Circuit applications for the triac”, Technical Applications Note AN466, Motorola Semiconductor Products Inc.

Russell W. J. (1969a): “A new approach in heat exchangers for massive transfusion”, Brit. J. Anaesth., 41, 338–344.

Russell W. J. (1969b): “A discussion of the problems of heat exchange blood warming devices”, Brit. J. Anaesth., 41, 345–351.

Severinghaus J. W. (1959): “Temperature gradients during hypothermia”, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 80, 515–521.

Shaw A. , and Monk I. B. (1973): “Ingress of saline into electrical equipment”, Lancet, 2, 794–795.

Staples P. J. , and Griner P. F. (1971): “Extracorporeal hemolysis of blood in a microwave blood warmer”, New Engl. J. Med., 285, 317–319.

Vickers M. D. (1973): “Hazards in the operating theatre (symposium): Fires and explosions”, Ann. R. Coll. Surg. Engl., 52, 354–357.