Cytomegalovirus Reactivation in the Critically Ill Septic Intensive Care Patient: Pathogen or Passenger?

Gotts J.E. , Matthay M.A. Sepsis: pathophysiology and clinical management. Br Med J 2016; 353: i1585.

Sorensen O.E. , Borregaard N. Neutrophil extracellular traps—the dark side of neutrophils. J Clin Invest 2016; 126: 1612–1620.

Schorey J.S. , Harding C.V. Extracellular vesicles and infectious diseases: new complexity to an old story. J Clin Invest 2016; 126: 1181–1189.

Delano M.J. , Ward P.A. Sepsis-induced immune dysfunction: can immune therapies reduce mortality? J Clin Invest 2016; 126: 23–31.

Klenerman P. , Oxenius A. T cell responses to cytomegalovirus. Nat Rev Immunol 2016; 16: 367–377.

Frantzeskaki F.G. , Karampi E-S , Kottaridi C. , Alepaki M. , Routsi C. , Tzanela M. Cytomegalovirus reactivation in a general, nonimmunosuppressed intensive care unit population: incidence, risk factors, associations with organ dysfunction, and inflammatory biomarkers. J Crit Care 2015; 30: 276–281.

Asberg A. , Humar A. , Rollag H. , Jardine A.G. , Kumar D. , Aukrust P. Lessons learned from a randomized study of oral valganciclovir versus parenteral ganciclovir treatment of cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ transplant recipients: the VICTOR trial. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 62: 1154–1160.

Limaye A.P. , Boeckh M. CMV in critically ill patients: pathogen or bystander? Rev Med Virol 2010; 20: 372–379.

Boeckh M. , Geballe A.P. Cytomegalovirus: pathogen, paradigm, and puzzle. J Clin Invest 2011; 121: 1673–1680.

Osawa R. , Wagener M.M. , Singh N. Cytomegalovirus infection in patients with sepsis due to bloodstream infections: lower risk and better outcomes in new versus already hospitalised intensive care admissions. Anaesth Intensive Care 2016; 44: 571–580.

Jones S. , Webb E.M. , Barry C.P. , Choi W.S. , Abravaya K.B. , Schneider G.J. , Ho S.Y. Commutability of cytomegalovirus WHO international standard in different matrices. J Clin Microbiol 2016; 54: 1512–1519.

Limaye A.P. , Kirby K.A. , Rubenfeld G.D. , Leisenring W.M. , Bulger E.M. , Neff M.J. Cytomegalovirus reactivation in critically ill immunocompetent patients. JAMA 2008; 300: 413–422.

Marty F.M. , Winston D.J. , Rowley S.D. , Vance E. , Papanicolaou G.A. , Mullane K.M. CMX001 to prevent cytomegalovirus disease in hematopoietic-cell transplantation. N Engl J Med 2013; 369: 1227–1236.

Chemaly R.F. , Ullmann A.J. , Stoelben S. , Richard M.P. , Bornhauser M. , Groth C. Letermovir for cytomegalovirus prophylaxis in hematopoietic-cell transplantation. N Engl J Med 2014; 370: 1781–1789.

Manuel O. , Husain S. , Kumar D. , Zayas C. , Mawhorter S. , Levi M.E. Assessment of cytomegalovirus-specific cell-mediated immunity for the prediction of cytomegalovirus disease in high-risk solid-organ transplant recipients: a multicenter cohort study. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 56: 817–824.

Cantisan S. , Lara R. , Montejo M. , Redel J. , Rodriguez-Benot A. , Gutierrez-Aroca J. Pretransplant interferon-gamma secretion by CMV-specific CD8+ T cells informs the risk of CMV replication after transplantation. Am J Transplant 2013; 13: 738–745.

Lucia M. , Crespo E. , Melilli E. , Cruzado J.M. , Luque S. , Llaudo I. Preformed frequencies of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific memory T and B cells identify protected CMV-sensitized individuals among seronegative kidney transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 59: 1537–1545.

Espigado I. , de la Cruz-Vicente F. , BenMarzouk-Hidalgo O.J. , Gracia-Ahufinger I. , Garcia-Lozano J.R. , Aguilar-Guisado M. Timing of CMV-specific effector memory T cells predicts viral replication and survival after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Transpl Int 2014; 27: 1253–1262.

Tey S-K , Kennedy G.A. , Cromer D. , Davenport M.P. , Walker S. , Jones L.I. Clinical assessment of anti-viral CD8+ T cell immune monitoring using QuantiFERON-CMV(R) assay to identify high risk allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients with CMV infection complications. PLoS One 2013; 8: e74744.

Nesher L. , Shah D.P. , Ariza-Heredia E.J. , Azzi J.M. , Siddiqui H.K. , Ghantoji S.S. Utility of the enzyme-linked immunospot interferon-gamma-release assay to predict the risk of cytomegalovirus infection in hematopoietic cell transplant recipients. J Infect Dis 2016; 213: 1701–1707.

Wong H.R. , Lindsell C.J. , Pettila V. , Meyer N.J. , Thair S.A. , Karlsson S A multibiomarker-based outcome risk stratification model for adult septic shock*. Crit Care Med 2014; 42: 781–789.

Skibsted S. , Shapiro N.I. Transcriptomics may pave the biomarker road in sepsis^*. Crit Care Med 2014; 42: 974–975.

Davenport E.E. , Burnham K.L. , Radhakrishnan J. , Humburg P. , Hutton P. , Mills T.C. Genomic landscape of the individual host response and outcomes in sepsis: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Respir Med 2016; 4: 259–271.

van Vught L.A. , Klein Klouwenberg P.M.C. , Spitoni C. , Scicluna B.P. , Wiewel M.A. , Horn J. Incidence, risk factors, and attributable mortality of secondary infections in the intensive care unit after admission for sepsis. JAMA 2016; 315: 1469–1479.

Angus D.C. , Opal S. Immunosuppression and secondary infection in sepsis: part, not all, of the story. JAMA 2016; 315: 1457–1459.

Kaukonen K.M. , Bailey M. , Suzuki S. , Pilcher D. , Bellomo R. Mortality related to severe sepsis and septic shock among critically ill patients in Australia and New Zealand, 2000–2012. JAMA 2014; 311: 1308–1316.