Low Flows Revisited

van Zundert T. , Brebels S.A. , Hendrickx J. , Carette R. , De Cooman S. , Gatt S. Derivation and prospective testing of a two-step sevoflurane-O₂-N₂O low fresh gas flow sequence. Anaesth Intensive Care 2009; 37: 911–917.

Baker A.B. Low flow and closed circuits. Anaesth Intensive Care 1994; 22: 341–342.

McKenzie A.J. Reinforcing a “low flow” anaesthesia policy with feedback can produce a sustained reduction in isoflurane consumption. Anaesth Intensive Care 1998; 26: 371–376.

Bewley J.S. , Eltringham R.J. , Sanderson R. Closed circuit anaesthesia in ventilated patients using the Komesaroff vaporizer within the circle. Anaesth Intensive Care 1998; 26: 558–562.

Dhara S.S. Liu EH. Sevoflurane anaesthesiawith the Komesaroff vaporizer inside the circle system. Anaesth Intensive Care 2000; 28: 58–61.

Nandalan S.P. , Eltringham R.J. , Fan Q.W. Cost-effectiveness of basal flow sevoflurane anaesthesia using the Komesaroff vaporizer inside the circle system. Anaesth Intensive Care 2005; 33: 609–615.

Beck A.A. , Boeselt T. , Seppelt I.M. Evaluation of an Oxford Miniature Vaporizer placed in-circuit during the maintenance phase of low-flow anaesthesia. Anaesth Intensive Care 2008; 36: 695–700.

Odin I. , Feiss P. Low flow and economics of inhalational anaesthesia. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2005; 19: 399–413.

Imberti R. , Preseglio I. , Imbriani M. , Ghittori S. , Cimino F. , Mapelli A. Low flow anaesthesia reduces occupational exposure to inhalation anaesthetics. Environmental and biological measurements in operating room personnel. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1995; 39: 586–591.

Hendrickx J.F.A. , Dewulf B.B.C. , De Mey N. , Carette R. , Deloof T. , De Cooman S. Development and performance of a two-step desflurane-O₂/N₂O fresh gas flow sequence. J Clin Anesth 2008; 20: 501–507.

Baker A.B. Back to basics – a simplified non-mathematical approach to low flow techniques in anaesthesia. Anaesth Intensive Care 1994; 22: 394–395.

Kennedy R.R. , French R.A. , Gilles S. The effect of a model-based predictive display on the control of end-tidal sevoflurane concentrations during low-flow anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2004; 99: 1159–1163.

Abbott Australasia P/L. PI Sevoflurane Version, 3 November 2008. p. 11.

Bito H. , Ikeda K. Renal and hepatic function in surgical patients after low-flow sevoflurane or isoflurane anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1996; 82: 173–176.

Bito H. , Ikeuchi Y. , Ikeda K. Effects of low-flow sevoflurane anesthesia on renal function: comparison with high-flow sevoflurane anesthesia and low-flow isoflurane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1997; 86: 1231–1237.

Obata R. , Bito H. , Ohmura M. , Moriwaki G. , Ikeuchi Y. , Katoh T. The effects of prolonged low-flow sevoflurane anesthesia on renal and hepatic function. Anesth Analg 2000; 91: 1262–1268.

Conzen P.F. , Kharasch E.D. , Czerner S.F.A. , Artru A.A. , Reichle F.M. , Michalowski P. Low-flow sevoflurane compared with low-flow isoflurane anesthesia in patients with stable renal insufficiency. Anesthesiology 2002; 97: 578–584.

Kharasch E.D. , Conzen P. , Michalowski P. , Weiss B.M. , Rooke A. , Artru A. Safety of low-flow sevoflurane anesthesia in patients with chronically impaired renal function is not proven: in reply. Anesthesiology 2003; 99: 752–754.

Keijzer C. , Perez RSGM , de Lange J.J. Compound A and carbon monoxide production from sevoflurane and seven different types of carbon dioxide absorbent in a patient model. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2007; 51: 31–37.

Hendrickx J.F.A. , Carette R. , Lemmens H.J.M. , De Wolf A.M. Large volume N₂O uptake alone does not explain the second gas effect of N₂O on sevoflurane during constant inspired ventilation. Br J Anaesth 2006; 96: 391–395.

Peyton P.J. , Horriat M. , Robinson G.J.B. , Pierce R. , Thompson B.R. Magnitude of the second gas effect on arterial sevoflurane partial pressure. Anesthesiology 2008; 108: 381–387.

Heller M.L. , Watson TR Jr. The role of preliminary oxygenation prior to induction with high nitrous oxide mixtures: polarographic P_aO₂ study. Anesthesiology 1962; 23: 219–230.

Epstein R.M. , Rackow H. , Salanitre E. , Wolf G L. Influence of the concentration effect on the uptake of anesthetic mixtures: the second gas effect. Aiesthesiology 1964; 25: 364–371.

Stoelting R.K. , Eger EI 2nd At additional explanation for the second gas effect: a concentrating effect. Aiesthesiology 1969; 30: 273–277.

Korman B. , Mapleson W.W. Concentration and second gas effects: can the accepted explanation be improved? Br J Anaesth 1997; 78: 618–625.

Rosenbaum A. , Kirby C.W. , Breen P.H. Bymixer system can measure O₂ uptake and CO₂ elimination in the anesthesia circle circuit. Can J Anaesth 2007; 54: 430–440.

Kennedy R.R. , Baker A.B. The effect of cardiac output changes on end-tidal volatile anaesthetic concentrations. Anaesth Intensive Care 2001; 29: 535–538.

Torri G. , Casati A. , Albertin A. , Comotti L. , Bignami E. , Scarioni M. Randomized comparison of isoflurane and sevoflurane for laparoscopic gastric banding in morbidly obese patients. J Clin Anesth 2001; 13: 565–570.

Le Berre P.Y. , Wodey E. , Joly A. , Carre P. , Ecoffey C. Comparison of recovery after intermediate duration of anaesthesia with sevoflurane and isoflurane. Paediatr Anaesth 2001; 11: 443–448.

Chiu C.L. , Chan Y.K. , Ong G.S. , Delilkan A.E. A comparison of the maintenance and recovery charcateristic of sevoflurane-nitrous oxide against isoflurane-nitrous oxide anaesthesia. Singapore Med J 2001; 41: 530–533.

Langbein T. , Sonntag H. , Trapp D. , Hoffmann A. , Malms W. , Roth E.P. Volatile anaesthetics and the atmosphere: atmospheric lifetimes and atmospheric effects of halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, desflurane and sevoflurane. Br J Anaesth 1999; 82: 66–73.

Logan M. , Farmer J.G. Anaesthesia and the ozone layer. Br J Anaesth 1989; 63: 645–647.