While the surge in horizontalist activism of the last few years has drawn upon both Marxist and anarchist traditions, post-Marxist literature offers a useful guide for evaluating the strategic opportunities available to the movements today. Focusing on the camp and the event as its conceptual reference points, this article contrasts the relative merits of the spatial and chronological strategies of the movements, concluding ultimately in favour of a longer-term strategy of withdrawal, or ‘exodus’, for its ability to sustain parallel forms of community and provide longer-term support for radical politics. We conclude with a brief commentary applying these arguments to the predicaments faced today by movements in Spain and Greece.
AliT (2015) Diary: In Athens. London Review of Books, 30July, online at <www.lrb.co.uk>; accessed 7 October 2015.
2.
BerardiF (1980) Anatomy of autonomy. In LotringerSMarazziC (eds.) Semiotext(E) Vol. III, No. 3, 1980 Italy: Autonomia Post-Political Politics. Los Angeles: Semiotext(e).
3.
BlissetL (2005) Q. New York: Mariner Books.
4.
BlitzerJ (2014) Occupy the Best-Seller List. New Yorker, 5May, online at <www.newyorker.com>; accessed 16 June 2014.
5.
BratsisP (2015) The materiality of power and the physics of change: Lessons from Henri Lefebvre, Nicos Poulantzas, and the Greek crisis. Paper presented at the Democracy Rising conference, University of Athens, Athens, Greece, online at <http://academia.edu>; accessed 3 September 2015.
6.
BrayM (2013) Translating Anarchy. Winchester: Zero Books.
7.
CleaverH (1979) Reading Capital Politically. Austin: University of Texas Press.
8.
Crane DraperMShultzJ (2009) Dignity and Defiance: Stories from Bolivia’s Challenge to Globalization. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
9.
DaviesM (2012) The Aesthetics of the Financial Crisis: Work, Culture and Politics. Alternatives: Global, Local, Political37(4): 317–30.
10.
DayRJ (2005) Gramsci is Dead: Anarchist Currents in the Newest Social Movements. London: Pluto Press.
11.
DeanJ (2010) Inept or unwilling?I cite, 20November, online at <http://jdeanicite.typepad.com>; accessed 16 June 2014.
12.
DeanJ (2012a) Occupy Wall Street and the Left. I cite, 16January, online at <http://jdeanicite.typepad.com>; accessed 23 December 2014.
13.
DeanJ (2012b) The Communist Horizon. London: Verso Books.
14.
DugganL (2015) To Grexit or not to Grexit. The Nation, 30July, online at <www.thenation.com>; accessed 3 September 2015.
15.
EpsteinB (1991) Political Protest & Cultural Revolution: Nonviolent Direct Action in the 1970s and 1980s. Berkeley: University of California Press.
16.
EpsteinB (2001) Anarchism and the Anti-Globalization Movement. Monthly Review, September, online at <http://monthlyreview.org>; accessed 7 October 2015.
17.
FedericiS (2004) Caliban and the Witch: Women, the Body and Primitive Accumulation. Brooklyn, NY: Autonomedia.
18.
FoucaultM (2008) The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1978-1979, trans. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
19.
FoucaultM (2000) Truth and power. In FaubionJD (ed.) Power. New York: The New Press.
20.
FoucaultM (1990) The History of Sexuality: An Introduction, Volume I. London: Vintage Books.
21.
FukuyamaF (1992) The End of History and the Last Man. New York: Free Press.
22.
GindinSPanitchL (2015) The Syriza dilemma. Jacobin, 27July, online at <https://www.jacobinmag.com>; accessed 1 January 2015.
23.
GorzA (1999) Reclaiming Work. Cambridge: Polity.
24.
GourgourisS (2015a) Left governmentality in reality. AnalyzeGreece, 25January, online at <www.analyzegreece.gr>; accessed 1 September 2015.
25.
GourgourisS (2015b) The Syriza problem: Radical democracy and Left governmentality in Greece. Open Democracy, 6August, online at <https://www.opendemocracy.net>; accessed 1 September 2015.
26.
GraeberD (2002) The new anarchists. New Left Review13 (Jan-Feb.): 61–73.
27.
GraeberD (2009) Direct Action: An Ethnography. Oakland: AK Press.
28.
GraeberD (2011) Interview with David Graeber. The White Review, December, online at <www.thewhitereview.org>; accessed 31 March 2015.
29.
GraeberD (2012) Concerning the violent peace-police. N+1, 9February, online at <http://nplusonemag.com>; accessed 23 June 2014.
30.
HardtM (1996) Introduction: Laboratory Italy. In HardtMVirnoP (eds.) Radical Thought in Italy: A Potential Politics. Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press.
31.
HardtM (2007) Michael Hardt Presents Thomas Jefferson: The Declaration of Independence (Revolutions). London: Verso.
32.
HardtMNegriA (2005) Multitude. New York: The Penguin Press.
33.
HardtMNegriA (2009) Commonwealth. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
HenwoodD (2011) The Occupy Wall Street non-agenda. LBO News from Doug Henwood, 29September, online at <http://lbo-news.com>; accessed 10 June 2014.
36.
HollandE (2011) Nomad Citizenship: Free-Market Communism and the Slow-Motion General Strike. Minneapolis: University Of Minnesota Press.
37.
HollowayJ (2002) How to Change the World without Taking Power: The Meaning of Revolution Today. Ann Arbour, MI: Pluto Press.
38.
HollowayJ (2004) Change the World Without Taking Power. Installations, videos and projects in public space by Oliver Ressler, online at <www.ressler.at>; accessed 14 June 2014.
39.
IglesiasP (2015) Winning an election does not mean winning power. Jacobin, 24January, online at <https://www.jacobinmag.com>; accessed 11 April 2015.
40.
KatsiaficasGN (2006) The Subversion of Politics. Oakland: AK Press.
41.
KierseyN (2014) Occupy Dame Street as slow-motion general strike? Justifying optimism in the wake of Ireland’s failed multitudinal moment. Global Discourse4(2): 1–18.
42.
KleinN (2010) Fences and Windows. Toronto: Knopf Canada.
43.
LilleySSoongCS (2012) Anti-authoritarian politics (interview with Chris Dixon). Against the Grain, 11January, online at <http://againstthegrain.org>; accessed 7 October 2015.
44.
LordonF (2014) Willing Slaves of Capital. London: Verso.
45.
LordonF (2015) The euro, or hating democracy. Verso Books Blog, 29June, online at <www.versobooks.com/blogs>; accessed 3 September 2015.
46.
LoreyI (2011) Non-representationist, presentist democracy. EIPCP, online at <http://eipcp.net>; accessed 16 June 2014.
47.
LowesDE (2006) The Anti-Capitalist Dictionary. London: Zed Books.
48.
LuxemburgR (2007) The Essential Rosa Luxemburg. Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books.
49.
MentinisM (2006) Zapatistas: The Chiapas Revolt and What It Means for Radical Politics. Ann Arbor, MI: Pluto Press.
50.
MertesTBelloWF (2004) A Movement of Movements: Is Another World Really Possible?London: Verso.
51.
MezzadraSNegriA (2014) Breaking the neoliberal spell: Europe as the battleground. EuroNomade, online at <www.euronomade.info>; accessed 22 April 2015.
52.
NegriAHardtM (2000) Empire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
53.
Not an Alternative (2014) Counter-power as common power: Beyond horizontalism. ROAR Magazine, 6June, online at <http://roarmag.org>; accessed June 16 2014).
54.
Notes From Nowhere (2003) We are Everywhere. London: Verso.
55.
NunesR (2013) Organisation of the Organisationless: The Question of Organisations after Networks. London: Mute.
56.
PanitchL (2015) On the doorstep of power. Jacobin, 25January, online at <www.jacobinmag.com>; accessed 7 October 2015.
57.
ReadJ (2003) The Micro-Politics of Capital: Marx and the Prehistory of the Present. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
58.
RentonD (2015) Change the world by taking power. Jacobin, 12February, online at <www.jacobinmag.com>; accessed 13 February 2015.
59.
SeguínB (2015) Podemos’s Latin American roots. Jacobin, 27March, online at <www.jacobinmag.com>; accessed 4 September 2015.
60.
SheehanH (2012) Occupying Dublin: Considerations at the crossroads. Irish Left Review, 19January, online at <www.irishleftreview.org>; accessed 15 October 2013.
61.
SpringerS (2010) Public space as emancipation: Meditations on anarchism, radical democracy, neoliberalism and violence. Antipode43(2): 525–62.
62.
SpringerS (2014) Space, time, and the politics of immanence. Global Discourse4(2–3): 159–62.
63.
StarrA (2005) Global Revolt. London: Zed Books.
64.
SurinK (2014) Empire reconsidered: Some reservations, much gratitude. Scribd, 12October, online at <www.scribd.com>; accessed 23 December 2014.
65.
ThompsonFMurfinP (1976) The I. W. W., Its First Seventy Years (1905–1975): The History of an Effort to Organize the Working Class. Chicago, IL: I.W.W.
66.
TremlettG (2015) The Podemos revolution: How a small group of radical academics changed European politics. Guardian, 31March, online at <www.theguardian.com>; accessed 4 September 2015.
67.
VirnoP (1996) Virtuosity and revolution: The political theory of Exodus. In VirnoPHardtM (eds.) Radical Thought in Italy: A Potential Politics. Minneapolis, MN: Minnesota University Press.
68.
VrastiW (2016) Self-reproducing movements and the enduring importance of materialist feminism. In HozicATrueJ (eds.) Scandalous Economics: The Spectre of Gender and Global Financial Crisis. Forthcoming.
69.
WaisbrenH (2012) Occupy Wall Street’s impact on the presidential election. Daily Kos, 13November, online at <www.dailykos.com>; accessed June 15 2014.
70.
WorthO (2013) Resistance in the Age of Austerity. London: Zed Books.
71.
WrightS (2002) Storming Heaven: Class Composition and Struggle in Italian Autonomist Marxism. Sterling, VA: Pluto Press.
72.
ZizekS (2001) Have Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri rewritten the Communist Manifesto for the Twenty-First Century?Rethinking Marxism13(3–4): 190–98.
