Wind power causes generation–load mismatch, which conventional load frequency control (LFC) cannot effectively handle. Energy storage systems (ESSs) can enhance LFC by absorbing (supplying) surplus (inadequate) power. However, power system is nonlinear and constrained. This study proposes a nonlinear predictive control framework—tracking model predictive static programming—to enhance LFC in a wind-integrated system using an Ultrabattery energy storage system (UESS). The objective is to improve power system frequency stability using a UESS. Therefore, the problem was formulated as a reference tracking one, wherein the objective is to minimize the power system frequency and UESS voltage deviations. State and input constraints were included. Two case studies validated the system’s performance, showing that UESS mitigates wind and load disturbances. When employing the proposed control with UESS, the integral squared error was reduced from a value of 7.058 to 1.019 in a case study involving both wind and load disturbances.
AryaYKumarNIbraheem (2016) Agc of a two-area multi-source power system interconnected via ac/dc parallel links under restructured power environment. Optimal Control Applications and Methods37(4): 590–607.
2.
ENSGCañizaresCABhattacharyaK, et al. (2022) Frequency regulation model of bulk power systems with energy storage. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems37(2): 913–926.
3.
BryantJSSokolowskiPJenningsR, et al. (2021) Synchronous generator governor response: performance implications under high share of inverter-based renewable energy sources. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems36(3): 2721–2724.
4.
CaleroFCañizaresCABhattacharyaK, et al. (2023) A review of modeling and applications of energy storage systems in power grids. Proceedings of the IEEE111(7): 806–831.
5.
Chang-ChienLRLinWTYinYC (2011) Enhancing frequency response control by dfigs in the high wind penetrated power systems. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems26(2): 710–718.
6.
Chang-ChienLRSunCCYehYJ (2014) Modeling of wind farm participation in agc. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems29(3): 1204–1211.
7.
ChoudharyRRaiJAryaY (2023) Foptid+1 controller with capacitive energy storage for agc performance enrichment of multi-source electric power systems. Electric Power Systems Research221: 109450.
8.
CooperAFurakawaJLamL, et al. (2009) The ultrabattery—a new battery design for a new beginning in hybrid electric vehicle energy storage. Journal of Power Sources188(2): 642–649.
9.
EbrahimiJErenS (2022) A multi-source dc/ac converter for integrated hybrid energy storage systems. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion37(4): 2298–2309.
10.
FairweatherAStoneDFosterM (2013) Evaluation of ultrabattery™ performance in comparison with a battery-supercapacitor parallel network. Journal of Power Sources226: 191–201.
11.
HajamFHMuDM (2021) An intelligent two-level control of ultrabattery for improved automatic generation control of a multi-source deregulated power system. International Journal of Energy Research45(5): 7933–7960.
12.
HajamFHMufti MuD (2023) Reference-power tracking control of ultrabattery: constrained optimal predictive control approach. In: 2023 IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Smart Grid, and Renewable Energy (PESGRE), 1–6.
13.
HalbeORajaRGPadhiR (2014) Robust reentry guidance of a reusable launch vehicle using model predictive static programming. Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics37(1): 134–148.
14.
HeierS (2014) Wind Energy Conversion Systems, Chapter 2. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 31–117.
15.
KumarPAnoohyaBBPadhiR (2018) Model predictive static programming for optimal command tracking: a fast model predictive control paradigm. Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control141(2): 021014.
16.
KundurPSMalikO (2022) Power System Stability and Control, Second Edition. 2nd edition. McGraw-Hill Education.
17.
le RouxJDPadhiRCraigIK (2014) Optimal control of grinding mill circuit using model predictive static programming: a new nonlinear mpc paradigm. Journal of Process Control24(12): 29–40.
18.
MachowskiJLubosnyZBialekJW, et al. (2020) Power System Dynamics: Stability and Control. John Wiley & Sons.
19.
MaityAOzaHBPadhiR (2014) Generalized model predictive static programming and angle-constrained guidance of air-to-ground missiles. Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics37(6): 1897–1913.
20.
McKeonBBFurukawaJFenstermacherS (2014) Advanced lead–acid batteries and the development of grid-scale energy storage systems. Proceedings of the IEEE102(6): 951–963.
21.
MondalSPadhiR (2018) State and Input Constrained Missile Guidance Using Spectral Model Predictive Static Programming. AIAA.
22.
OshnoeiAKheradmandiMMuyeenSM (2020) Robust control scheme for distributed battery energy storage systems in load frequency control. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems35(6): 4781–4791.
23.
OshnoeiAKheradmandiMKhezriR, et al. (2021) Robust model predictive control of gate-controlled series capacitor for lfc of power systems. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics17(7): 4766–4776.
24.
PadhiRKothariM (2009) Model predictive static programming: a computationally efficient technique for suboptimal control design. International journal of innovative computing information and control5(2): 399–411.
25.
PeddakapuKSrinivasaraoPMohamedM, et al. (2022) Stabilization of frequency in multi-microgrid system using barnacle mating optimizer-based cascade controllers. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments54: 102823.
26.
SharmaPKumarPPadhiR (2023) Pseudo-spectral mpsp-based unified midcourse and terminal guidance for reentry targets. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems59(4): 3982–3994.
27.
SuvireGOMolinaMGMercadoPE (2012) Improving the integration of wind power generation into ac microgrids using flywheel energy storage. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid3(4): 1945–1954.
28.
WangL (2009) Model Predictive Control System Design and Implementation Using MATLAB, Volume 3. Springer.
29.
WoodJ (2012) Integrating renewables into the grid: applying ultrabattery® technology in mw scale energy storage solutions for continuous variability management. In: 2012 IEEE International Conference on Power System Technology (POWERCON), 1–4.
