Biodiversity - latitudinal gradients

Angel, M.V. 1993: Biodiversity of the pelagic ocean. Conservation Biology 7, 760-72.

— 1994a: Long-term, large-scale patterns in marine pelagic systems . In Giller, P.S. , Hildrew, A.G. and Raffaelli, D.G. , editors, Aquatic ecology, Oxford : Blackwell Scientific, 403-39.

— 1994b: Spatial distribution of marine organisms: patterns and processes. In Edwards, P.J. , May, R.M. and Webb, N.R. , editors. Large-scale ecology and conservation biology , Oxford: Blackwell Scientific , 59-109.

Bamard, J.L. 1991: Amphipodological agreement with Platnick. Journal of Natural History 25, 1675-76.

Bates, H.W. 1862: Contributions to an insect fauna of the Amazon valley. Lepidoptera: Heliconidae. Transactions of the Linnean Society 23, 495-566.

Beaver, R.A. 1979: Host specificity of temperate and tropical animals . Nature 281, 139-41.

Blackburn, T.M. and Gaston, K.J. 1996a: Spatial patterns in the species richness of birds in the New World. Ecography, 19, 369-76.

— 1996b: A sideways look at patterns in species richness, or why there are so few species outside the tropics. Biodiversity Letters, in press.

— 1996c: Spatial patterns in the geographic ranges of bird species in the New World. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B 351, 897-912.

— 1996d: Spatial patterns in the body sizes of bird species in the New World. Oikos, in press.

— 1997: The relationship between geographic area and the latitudinal gradient in species richness in New World birds. Evolutionary Ecology, in press.

Boucher, G. and Lambshead, P.J.D. 1995: Ecological biodiversity of marine nematodes in samples from temperature, tropical, and deep-sea regions . Conservation Biology 9, 1594-604.

Brener, A.G.F. and Ruggiero, A. 1994: Leaf-cutting ants (Atta and Acromyrmex) inhabiting Argentina: patterns in species richness and geographical range sizes. Journal of Biogeography 21, 391-99.

Brey, T. , Klages, M. , Dahm, C. Gomy, M. , Gutt, J. , Hain, S. , Stiller, M. , Amtz, W.E. , Wägele, J.W. and Zimmermann, A. 1994: Antarctic benthic diversity. Nature 368, 297.

Brown, J.H. 1988: Species diversity. In Myers, A.A. and Giller, P.S. , editors, Analytical biogeography: an integrated approach to the study of animal and plant distributions, London: Chapman & Hall, 57-89.

Chown, S.L. 1996: Speciation and rarity: separating cause from consequence . In Kunin, W.E. and Gaston, K.J. , editors, The biology of rarity: causes and consequences of rare-common differences, London : Chapman & Hall, in press.

Clarke, A. 1992: Is there a latitudinal diversity cline in the sea? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 7, 286-87.

Colwell, R.K. and Hurtt, G.C. 1994: Nonbiological gradients in species richness and a spurious Rapoport effect. American Naturalist 144, 570-95.

Cook, R.E. 1969: Variation in species density of North American birds. Systematic Zoology 18, 63-84.

Cracraft, J. 1992: Explaining patterns of biological diversity: integrating causation at different spatial and temporal scales. In Eldredge, N. , editors, Systematics, ecology, and the biodiversity crisis, New York: Columbia University Press, 59-76.

Crane, P.R. and Lidgard, S. 1989: Angiosperm diversification and paleolatitudinal gradients in cretaceous floristic diversity. Science 246, 675-78.

Currie, D.J. 1991: Energy and large-scale patterns of animal- and plant-species richness. American Naturalist 137, 27-49.

Currie, D.J. and Fritz, J.T. 1993: Global patterns of animal abundance and species energy use. Oikos 67, 56-68.

Darlington, P.J. 1959: Area, climate, and evolution. Evolution 13, 488-510.

Dauvin, J.-C. , Kendall, M. , Paterson, G. , Gentil, F. , Jirkov, I. , Sheader, M. and De Lange, M. 1994: An initial assessment of polychaete diversity in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean. Biodiversity Letters 2, 171-81.

Dennis, R.L.H. 1992: Islands, regions, ranges and gradients. In Dennis, R.L.H. , editor, The ecology of butterflies in Britain, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1-21.

Dixon, A.F.G. , Kindlmann, P. , Leps, J. and Holman, J. 1987: Why there are so few species of aphids, especially in the tropics. American Naturalist 129, 580-92.

Eggleton, P. 1994: Termites live in a pear-shaped world: a response to Platnick. Journal of Natural History 28, 1209-12.

Eggleton, P. , Williams, P.H. and Gaston, K.J. 1994: Explaining global termite diversity: productivity or history ? Biodiversity and Conservation 3, 318-30.

Flessa, K.W. and Jablonski, D. 1995: Biogeography of Recent marine bivalve molluscs and its implications for paleobiogeography and the geography of extinction: a progress report. Historical Biology 10, 25-47.

Futuyma, D.J. 1979: Evolutionary biology. Sunderland, MA : Sinauer.

Gaston, K.J. 1991: The magnitude of global insect species richness . Conservation Biology 5, 283-96.

Gaston, K.J. and Blackburn, T.M. 1995: Mapping biodiversity using surrogates for species richness: macro-scales and New World birds. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London B 262, 335-41.

— 1996a: The tropics as a museum of biological diversity: an analysis of the New World avifauna. Proceedings of the Royal Society , London B 263, 63-68.

— 1996b: The spatial distribution of threatened species: macro-scales and New World birds. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London B 263, 235-40.

— 1996c: Global scale macroecology: interactions between population size, geographic range size and body size in the Anseriformes. Journal of Animal Ecology, in press.

Gastron, K.J. , Gauld, I.D. and Hanson, P. 1996: The size and composition of the hymenopteran fauna of Costa Rica. Journal of Biogeography 23, 105-13.

Gaston, K.J. and Williams, P.H. 1996: Spatial patterns in taxonomic diversity. In Gaston, K.J. , editor, Biodiversity: a biology of numbers and difference, Oxford: Blackwell Scientific, 202-29.

Gaston, K.J. , Williams, P.H. , Eggleton, P. and Humphries, C.J. 1995: Large scale patterns of biodiversity: spatial variation in family richness. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London B 260, 149-54.

Gauld, I.D. 1986: Latitudinal gradients in ichneumonid species-richness in Australia. Ecological Entomology 11, 155-61.

Gauld, I.D. and Gaston, K.J. 1994: The taste of enemy-free space: parasitoids and nasty hosts . In Hawkins, B.A. and Sheehan, W., ediors, Parasitoid community ecology, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 279-99.

Gauld, I.D. , Gaston, K.J. and Janzen, D.H. 1992: Plant allelochemicals, tritrophic interactions and the anomalous diversity of tropical parasitoids: the 'nasty' host hypothesis . Oikos 65, 353-57.

Jablonski, D. 1993: The tropics as a source of evolutionary novelty through geological time. Nature 364, 142-44.

Janzen, D.H. 1981: The peak in North American ichneumonid species richness lies between 38° and 42° N. Ecology 62, 532-37.

Kaufman, D.M. 1995: Diversity of New World mammals: universality of the latitudinal gradients of species and bauplans. Journal of Mammalogy 76, 322-34.

Kendall, M.A. and Aschan, M. 1993: Latitudinal gradients inthe structure of macrobenthic communities: a comparison of Arctic, temperate and tropical sites. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 172, 157-69.

Kouki, J. , Niemelä, P. and Viitasaari, M. 1994: Reversed latitudinal gradient in species richness of sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Annales Zoologici Fennici 31, 83-88.

Lambshead, P.J.D. 1993: Recent developments in marine benthic biodiversity research . Océanis 19, 5-24.

Lewin, R. 1989: Biologists disagree over bold signature of nature . Science 244, 527-28.

MacArthur, R.H. 1972: Geographical ecology. New York : Harper & Row.

Macpherson, E. and Duarte, C.M. 1994: Patterns in species richness, size, and latitudinal range of east Atlantic fishes. Ecography 17, 242-48.

McAllister, D.E. , Schueler, F.W. , Roberts, C.M. and Hawkins, J.P. 1994: Mapping and GIS analysis of the global distribution of coral reef fishes on an equal-area grid. In Miller, R.I. , editor, Mapping the diversity of nature, London: Chapman & Hall, 155-75.

McGowan, J.A. and Walker, P.W. 1993: Pelagic diversity patterns. In Ricklefs, R. and Schluter, D. , editors, Species diversity in ecological communities: historical and geographical perspectives, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 203-14.

Michener, C.D. 1979: Biogeography of the bees. Annals of the Missouri Botanic Garden 66, 277-347.

Newton, I. and Dale, L. 1996: Relationship between migration and latitude among west European birds. Journal of Animal Ecology 65, 137-46.

Oberdorff, T. , Guégan, J.-F. and Hugueny, B. 1995: Global scale patterns of fish species richness in rivers . Ecography 18, 345-52.

Pagel, M.D. , May, R.M. and Collie, A.R. 1991: Ecological aspects of the geographical distribution and diversity of mammalian species. American Naturalist 137, 791-815.

Pianka, E.R. 1966: Latitudinal gradients in species diversity: a review of concepts. American Naturalist 100, 33-46.

Pimm, S.L. , Lawton, J.H. and Cohen, J.E. 1991: Food web patterns and their consequences. Nature 350, 669-74.

Platnick, N.I. 1991: Patterns of biodiversity: tropical vs temperate. Journal of Natural History 25, 1083-88.

— 1992: Patterns of bidiversity. In Eldredge,N. , editor, Systematics, ecology, and the bidiversity crisis, New York: Columbia University Press, 15-24.

Poore, G.C.B. and Wilson, G.D.F. 1993: Marine species richness. Nature 361, 597-98.

Price, P.W. 1991: Patterns in communities along latitudinal gradients . I Price, P.W., Lewinsohn, T.M., Fernandes, G.W. and Benson, W.W. , editors, Plant-animal interactions: evolutionary ecology in tropical and temperate regions, New York: Wiley, 51-69.

Quicke, D.L.J. and Kruft, R.A. 1995: Latitudinal gradients in North American braconid wasp species richness and biology. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 4, 194-203.

Rabenold, K.N. 1993: Latitudinal gradients in avian species diversity and the role of long-distance migration. In Power, D.M. , editor, Current ornithology. Vol. 10, New York: Plenum Press, 247-74.

Rabinovich, J.E. and Rapoport, E.H. 1975: Geographical variation of diversity in Argentine passerine birds. Journal of Biogeography 2, 141-57.

Reid, J.W. 1994: Latitudinal diversity patterns of continental benthic copepod species assemblages in the Americas. Hydrobiologia 292/93, 341-49.

Rex, M.A. , Stuart, C.T. , Hessler, R.R. , Allen, J.A. , Sanders, H.L. and Wilson, G.D.F. 1993: Global-scale latitudinal patterns of species diversity in the deep-sea benthos. Nature 365, 636-39.

Rohde, K. 1978: Latitudinal gradients in species diversity and their causes. II. Marine parasitological evidence for a time hypothesis. Biologisches Zentralblatt 97, 405-18.

— 1992: Latitudinal gradients in species diversity: the search for the primary cause. Oikos 65, 514-27.

Rosenzweig, M.L. 1992: Species diversity gradients: we know more and less than we thought. Journal of Mammalogy 73, 715-30.

— 1995: Species diversity in space and time: Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Roubik, D.W. 1989: Ecology and natural history of tropical bees. New York: Cambridge University Press.

— 1992: Loose niches in tropical communities: why are there so few bees and so many trees? In Hunter, M.D. , Ohgushi, T. and Price, P.W. , editors, Effects of resource distribution on animal-plant interactions, London: Academic Press, 327-54.

Simpson, G.G. 1964: Species density of North American recent mammals . Systematic Zoology 13, 57-63.

Stanley, S.M. 1979: Macroevolution: patterns and process. San Francisco, CA: W.H. Freeman.

Stebbins, G.L. 1974: Flowering plants: evolution above the species level . Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press .

Stehli, F.G. 1968: Taxonomic diversity gradients in pole location: the recent model. In Drake, E.T. , editor, Evolution and environment, New Haven, CT : Yale University Press, 163-228.

Stehli, F.G. , Douglas, R.G. and Newell, N.D. 1969: Generation and maintenance of gradients in taxonomic diversity . Science 164, 947-49.

Stehli, F.G. , McAlester, A.L. and Helsley, C.E. 1967: Taxonomic diversity of recent bivalves, some implications for geology. Geological Society of America Bulletin 78, 455-66.

Stenseth, N.C. 1984: The tropics: cradle or museum? Oikos 43, 417-20.

Stevens, G.C. 1989: The latitudinal gradient in geographical range: how so many species coexist in the tropics. American Naturalist 133, 240-56.

— 1992: Spilling over the competitive limits to species coexistence . In Eldredge, N. , editor, Systematics, ecology, and the biodiversity crisis, New York: Columbia University Press, 40-58.

— 1996: Extending Rapoport's rule to Pacific marine fishes. Journal of Biogeography 23, 149-54.

Sutton, S.L. and Collins, N.M. 1991: Insects and tropical forest conservation. In Collins, N.M. and Thomas, J.A. , editors. The conservation of insects and their habitats , London: Academic Press , 405-24.

Taylor, J.D. and Taylor, C.N. 1977: Latitudinal distribution of predatory gastropods on the eastern Atlantic shelf. Journal of Biogeography 4, 73-81.

Terborgh, J. 1973: On the notion of favorableness in plant ecology . American Naturalist 107, 481-501.

Thiollay, J.-M. 1990: Comparative diversity of temperate and tropical forest bird communities: the influence of habitat heterogeneity. Acta Oecologica 11, 887-911.

Tramer, E.J. 1974: On latitudinal gradients in avian diversity. The Condor 76, 123-30.

Turner, J.R.G. , Lennon, J.J. and Greenwood, J.J.D. 1996: Does climate cause the global biodiversity gradient? In Hochberg, M.E. , Clobert, J. and Barbault, R. , editors, Aspects of the genesis of biological diversity , Oxford: Oxford University Press , 199-220.

Vincent, A. and Clarke, A. 1995: Diversity in the marine environment. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 10, 55-56.

Wallace, A.R. 1853: On the habits of the butterflies of the Amazon valley . Transactions of the Entomological Society of London NS 2, 253-64.

Warren, P.H. and Gaston, K.J. 1992: Predator-prey ratios: a special case of a general pattern? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society , London B 338, 113-30.

Williams, P.H. , Humphries, C.J. and Gaston, K.J. 1994: Centres of seed-plant diversity: the family way . Proceedings of the Royal Society, London B 256, 67-70.

Willig, M.R. and Sandlin, E.A. 1991: Gradients of species density and species turnover in New World bats: a comparison of quadrat and band methodologies. In Mares, M.A. and Schmidly, D.J. , editors, Latin American mammalogy: history, biodiversity, and conservation, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 81-96.

Wilson, J.W. 1974: Analytical zoogeography of North American mammals . Evolution 28, 124-40.