Although the soil-vegetation-atmosphere exchange of momentum and heat is fairly well understood for many types of homogeneous surfaces, the disturbances created by tran sitions of one surface type to another remain to be analysed more fully. This is especially true for the impact which a large transition such as the forest edge has on the average fluxes in a small-scale heterogeneous landscape with forest. Recently acquired experimental evidence appears to some extent contradictory and at variance with conventional concepts.
Aalst, R.M. van and Erisman, J.W.1991: Atmospheric input fluxes. In Hey, G.J. and Schneider, T., editors, Acidification research in The Netherlands . Studies in Environmental Science46, Amsterdam: Elsevier, 239-88.
2.
André, J.-C., Bougeault, P. and Goutorbe, J.-P.1990: Regional estimates of heat and evaporation fluxes over non-homogeneous terrain. Examples from the HAPEX-MOBILHY program. Boundary-Layer Meteorology50, 77-108.
3.
Arya, S.P.S. and Shipman, M.S.1981: An experimental investigation of flow and diffusion in the disturbed boundary layer over a ridge. I. Mean flow and turbulence structure . Atmospheric Environment15, 1173-84.
4.
Beier, C., Gundersen, P. and Rasmussen, L.1992: A new method for estimation of dry deposition of particles based on throughfall measurements in a forest edge. Atmospheric Environment26A, 1553-59.
5.
Beljaars, A.C.M.1982: The derivation of fluxes from profiles in perturbed areas. Boundary-LayerMeteorology24, 35-55.
6.
Beljaars, A.C.M. and Holtslag, A.A.M.1991: Flux parameterization of land surfaces for atmospheric models. Journal of Applied Meteorology30, 327-41.
7.
Beljaars, A.C.M., Walmsley, J.L. and Taylor, P.A.1987: A mixed spectral finite difference model for neutrally stratified boundary-layer flow over roughness changes and topography. Boundary-LayerMeteorology38, 273-303.
8.
Bradley, E.F.1968: A micrometeorological study of velocity profiles and surface drag in the region modified by a change in surface roughness. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society94, 361-79.
9.
Brutsaert, W.1982: Evaporation into the atmosphere. Dordrecht : Reidel.
10.
Chen, F. and Schwerdtfeger, P.1989: Flux-gradient relations for momentum and heat over a rough natural surface. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society115, 335-52.
11.
Chen, J., Franklin, J.F. and Spies, T.A.1993: Contrasting microclimates among clearcut, edge, and interior old old-growth Douglas-fir forest. Agricultural and ForestMeteorology63, 219-37.
12.
Claussen, M.1988: Models of eddy viscosity for numerical simulation of horizontally inhomogeneous, neutral surface layer flow. Boundary-LayerMeteorology42, 337-69.
13.
Claussen, M. and Klaasen, W.1992: On regional surface fluxes over partly forested areas . Beiträge Physik Atmosphäre65, 243-48.
14.
Dickinson, R.E. and Henderson-Sellers, E.1988: Modelling tropical deforestation: a study of land-surface parameterizations. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society114, 439-62.
15.
Dolman, A.J., Lloyd, C.R. and Culf, A.D.1994: Aerodynamic roughness of an area of natural open forest in the Sahel. Annales Geophysicae10, 930-34.
16.
Draaijers, G.P.J., Van Ek, R. and Bleuten, W.1994: Atmospheric deposition in complex forest landscapes . Boundary-Layer Meteorology69, 343-66.
17.
Gardiner, B.A., Irvine, M.R., Hill, M.K. and Baker, M.1994: Airflow and turbulent flux development across a moorland/forest interface. Agricultural and ForestMeteorology21, 171-74.
18.
Gash, J.H.C.1986a: Observations of turbulence downwind of a forest-heath interface. Boundary-LayerMeteorology36, 227-37.
19.
— 1986b: A note on estimating the effect of a limited fetch on micro-meteorological evaporation measurements. Boundary-Layer Meteorology35, 409-13.
20.
Hasselrot, B. and Grennfelt, P.1987: Deposition of air pollutants in a wind-exposed forest edge. Water, Air and Soil Pollution34, 135-43.
21.
Hignett, P.1994: Roughness lengths for temperature and momentum over heterogeneous terrain. Boundary-LayerMeteorology68, 225-36.
22.
Hutjes, R.W.A.1996: Transformation of near surface meteorology in a landscape with small scall forests and arable land. Unpublished dissertation , University of Groningen.
23.
Hutjes, R.W.A., Klaassen, W., Kruijt, B. and Veen, A.W.L.1991: Predicting near surface meteorological variations over different vegetation types. In Kienitz, G. , Milly, P.C.D., Genuchten, M.Th. van, Rosbjerg, D. and Shuttleworth, W.J., editors, Hydrological interactions between atmosphere, soil and vegetation . IAHS Publication 204, Wallingford: IAHS , 75-84.
24.
Itier, B., Brunet, Y., McAneney, K.J. and Lagouarde, J.P.1994: Downwind evolution of scalar fluxes and surface resistence under conditions of local advection. Part I. A reappraisal of boundary conditions. Agricultural and ForestMeteorology71, 211-25.
25.
Kaimal, J.C. and Finnigan, J.J.1994: Atmospheric boundary layer flows, their structure and measurement. New York and Oxford : Oxford University Press.
26.
Kawatani, T. and Sadeh, W.Z.1971: An investigation of flow over high roughness. Project Themis, Technical Report 11. Fort Collins, CO: Department of Civil Engineering, Colorado State University.
27.
Klaassen, W.1992: Average fluxes from heterogeneous vegetated regions. Boundary-LayerMeteorology58, 329-54.
28.
Klaassen, W. and Claussen, M.1995: Landscape variability and surface flux parameterizations in climate models. Agricultural and ForestMeteorology73, 181-88.
29.
Klaassen, W., Lankreijer, H.J.M. and Veen, A.W.L.1996: Rainfall interception near a forest edge. Journal of Hydrology, in press.
30.
Kondo, J. and Yamazama, H.1986: Aerodynamic roughness over an inhomogeneous ground surface. Boundary-LayerMeteorology35, 331-48.
31.
Kruijt, B.1994: Turbulence over forest downwind of an edge. Unpublished dissertation, University of Groningen.
32.
Kruijt, B., Klaassen, W. and Hutjes, R.W.A.1995: Edge effects on diffusivity in the roughness layer over a forest. In Coutts, M.P. and Grace, J., editors, Wind and trees, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 60-70.
33.
Kruijt, B., Klaassen, W., Hutjes, R.W.A. and Veen, A.W.L.1991: Heat and momentum fluxes near a forest edge. In Kienitz, G., Milly, P.C.D. , Genuchten, M.Th. van, Rosbjerg, D. and Shuttleworth, W.J., editors, Hydrological interactions between atmosphere, soil and vegetation. IAHS Publication 204, Wallingford : IAHS, 107-15.
34.
Lang, A.R.G., McNaughton, K.G., Fazu, C., Bradley, E.F. and Ohtaki, E.1983: Inequality of eddy transfer coefficients for vertical transport of sensible and latent heat flux during advective inversions. Boundary-LayerMeteorology25, 25-41.
35.
Lankreijer, H.J.M., Hendriks, M.J. and Klaassen, W.1993: A comparison of models simulating rainfall interception of forests. Agricultural and ForestMeteorology64, 187-99.
36.
Lean, J., Bunton, C.B., Nobre, C.A. and Rowntree, P.R.1995: The simulated impact of Amazonian deforestation using measured ABRACOS vegetation characteristics. Annales Geophysicae13, C314.
37.
Li, Z., Lin, J.D. and Miller, D.R.1990: Air flow over and through a forest edge: a steady state numerical simulation. Boundary-LayerMeteorology51, 179-97.
38.
Li, Z., Miller, D.R. and Lin, J.D.1985: A first order closure scheme to describe countergradient momentum transport in plant canopies. Boundary-LayerMeteorology33, 77-83.
39.
Lloyd, C.R., Gash, J.H.C. and Sivakumar, M.V.K.1992: Derivation of the aerodynamic roughness parameters for a Sahelian savannah site using the eddy correlation technique. Boundary-LayerMeteorology58, 261-71.
40.
Lo, A.K.F.1986: On the boundary layer flow over a Canadian archipelago polynia. Boundary-LayerMeteorology35, 53-71.
41.
Mahrt, I. and Ek, M.1993: Spatial variability of turbulent fluxes and roughness length in HAPEX-MOBILHY. Boundary-LayerMeteorology65,381-400.
42.
Monteith, J.L.1965: Evaporation and environment. In Fogg, G.E., editor, The state and movement of water in living organisms. Society for Experimental Biology Symposia19, 205-34.
43.
Monteith, J.L. and Unsworth, M.H.1990: Principles of environmental physics (2nd edn). London: Edward Arnold.
44.
Munro, D.S. and Oke, T.R.1975: Aerodynamic boundary-layer adjustment over a crop in neutral stability. Boundary-LayerMeteorology9, 53-61.
45.
Oke, T.R.1978: Boundary layer climates. London : Methuen.
Peterson, E.W.1969: Modification of mean flow and turbulent energy by a change in surface roughness under conditions of neutral stability. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society95, 561-75.
48.
— 1972: Relative importance of terms in the turbulent energy and momentum equations as applied by a change in surface roughness under conditions of neutral stability. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society95, 561-75.
49.
Rao, K.S., Wyngaard, J.C. and Coté, O.R.1974a: Local advection of momentum, heat and moisture in micrometeorology. Boundary-LayerMeteorology7, 331-48.
50.
— 1974b: The structure of the two-dimensional internal boundary layer over a sudden change of surface roughness. Journal of Atmospheric Science29, 738-46.
51.
Raupach, M.R. and Finnigan, J.J.1995: Scale issues in boundary-layer meteorology: surface energy balances in heterogeneous terrain. In Kalma, J.D. and Sivapalan, M., editors, Scale issues in hydrological modelling, Chichester: Wiley, 345-68.
52.
Rider, N.E., Philip, J.R. and Bradley, E.F.1963: The horizontal transport of heat and moisture- a micrometeorological study. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society89, 507-31.
53.
Rutter, A.J., Kershaw, K.A., Robins, P.C. and Morton, A.J.1971: A predictive model of rainfall interception in forests. I. Derivation of the model from observations in a plantation of Corsica pine. AgriculturalMeteorology9, 367-84.
54.
Schmid, H.P.1994: Source areas for scalars and scalar fluxes. Boundary-LayerMeteorology67, 293-318.
55.
Schmid, H.P. and Oke, T.R.1990: A model to estimate the source area contributing to turbulent exchange in the surface layer over patchy terrain. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society116, 965-88.
56.
Shir, C.C.1972: A numerical computation of air flow over a sudden change in surface roughness. Journal of Atmospheric Science29, 304-10.
57.
Shukla, J., Nobre, C. and Sellers, P.1990: Amazon deforestation and climate change. Science247, 1322-25.
58.
Shuttleworth, W.J.1988: Macro-hydrology - the new challenge for process hydrology . Journal of Hydrology100, 31-56.
59.
— 1994: Aggregate representations of heterogeneous land surfaces . IGBP Global Change Newsletter19, 11 September.
60.
Sud, Y.C., Shukla, J. and Mintz, Y.1988: Influence of land surface roughness on atmospheric circulation and precipitation: a sensitivity study with a general circulation model. Journal of Applied Meteorology27, 1036-54.
61.
Taylor, R.J.1970: Airflow above changes in surface heat flux, temperature and roughness: an extension to include the stable case. Boundary-LayerMeteorology1, 474-97.
62.
Thom, A.S.1975: Momentum, mass and heat exchange of plant communities . In Monteith, J.L., editor, Vegetation and the atmosphere. Vol. 2, London: Academic Press, 57-109.
63.
Veen, A.W.L. and Dolman, A.J.1989: Water dynamics of forests: one-dimensional modelling. Progress in PhysicalGeography13, 471-506.
64.
Veen, A.W.L., Hutjes, R.W.A., Klaassen, W., Kruijt, B. and Lankreijer, H.J.M.1991: Evaporation conditions across a grass-forest boundary. In Kienitz, G., Milly, P.C.D., Genuchten, M.Th. van, Rosbjerg, D. and Shuttleworth, W.J., editors, Hydrological interactions between atmosphere, soil and vegetation. IAHS Publication 204, Wallingford: IAHS, 43-52.
65.
Wang, H. and Klaassen, W.1985: The surface layer above a landscape with a rectangular wind-break pattern. Agricultural and ForestMeteorology72, 195-211.
66.
Wieringa, J.1992: Updating the Davenport roughness classification . Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics41, 357-68.
