Gleason,H.A. 1939: The individualistic concept of the plant association. The American Midland Naturalist 21,92-110

Austin, M.P. and Smith, T.M. 1989: A new model for the continuum concept. Vegetatio 83, 35-47.

Bennett, K.D. and Lamb, H.F. 1988: Holocene pollen sequences as a record of competitive interactions among tree populations. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 3, 141-44.

Birks, H.J.B. 1989: Holocene isochrone maps and patterns of tree-spreading in the British Isles. Journal of Biogeography 16, 503-40.

Braun-Blanquet, J. 1932: Plant sociology: the study of plant communities . London: Hafner.

Burrows, C.J. 1990: Processes of vegetation change. London : Unwin Hyman.

Bush, M.B. 1994: Amazonian speciation: a necessarily complex model . Journal of Biogeography 21, 5-17.

Cain, S.A. 1959: Henry Allan Gleason - eminent ecologist. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 40, 105-10.

Clements, F.E. 1905: Research methods in ecology. Lincoln, NB: University Publishing Company. — 1916: Plant succession: an analysis of the development of vegetation . Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington.

— 1936: Nature and structure of the climax. Journal of Ecology 24, 252-84.

Collins, S.L. , Glenn, S.M. and Roberts, D.W. 1993: The hierarchical continuum concept. Journal of Vegetation Science 4, 149-56.

Cottam, G. and McIntosh, R.P. 1966: Vegetational continuum. Science 152, 546-47 (comment on Daubenmire, 1966).

Curtis, J.T. 1955: A prairie continuum in Wisconsin. Ecology 36, 558-66.

— 1959: The vegetation of Wisconsin. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.

Curtis, J.T. and McIntosh, R.P. 1951: An upland continuum in the prairie-forest border region of Wisconsin. Ecology 32, 476-96.

Daubenmire, R. 1966: Vegetation: identification of typal communities . Science 151, 291-98.

Davis, M.B. 1981: Quaternary history and the stability of forest communities . In West, D.C. , Shugart, H.H. and Botkin, D.B. , editors, Forest succession: concepts and application , New York: Springer-Verlag.

— 1986: Climatic instability, time lags, and community disequilibrium . In Diamond, J. and Case, T.J. , editors, Community ecology, New York: Harper & Row.

Delcourt, H.R. and Delcourt, P.A. 1991: Quaternary ecology: a paleoecological perspective . London: Chapman & Hall.

Delcourt, P.A. and Delcourt, H.R. 1983: Late-Quaternary vegetation dynamics and community stability reconsidered. Quaternary Research 19, 265-71.

Drury, W.H. and Nisbet, I.C.T. 1971: Interrelations between developmental models in geomorphology, plant ecology and animal ecology. General Systems 16,57-68.

— 1973: Succession. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 54,331-68.

Ellenberg, H. 1953: Physiologisches und ökologisches Verhalten derselben Pflanzenarten . Bericht der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaften 65, 351-62.

Flenley, J.R. 1979: A geological history of tropical rain forests. London: Butterworths.

Foster, D.R. , Schoonmaker, P.K. and Pickett, S.T.A. 1990: Insights from palaeoecology to community ecology . Trends in Ecology and Evolution 5, 119-22.

Gleason, H.A. 1913: The relation of forest distribution to prairie fires in the middle west. Torreya 13, 173-81.

— 1917: The structure and development of the plant association . Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 44, 463-81.

— 1920: Some applications of the quadrat method. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 47, 21-33. — 1922: The vegetational history of the middle west. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 12, 39-85.

— 1925: Species and area. Ecology 6, 66-74.

— 1926: The individualistic concept of the plant association . Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 53, 1-20.

— 1927: Further views on the succession concept. Ecology 8, 299-326.

— 1936: Twenty-five years of ecology, 1910-1935. Memoirs of the Brooklyn Botanical Gardens 4, 41-49.

— 1939: The individualistic concept of the plant association . The American Midland Naturalist 21, 92-110.

— 1953: Autobiographical letter. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 34, 40-42.

Golley, F.B. 1993: A history of the ecosystem concept in ecology: more than the sum of the parts. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Goodall, D.W. 1954: Vegetational classification and vegetational continua . Angewandte Pflanzensoziologie, Aichinger Festschrift 1, 168-82.

— 1963: The continuum and the individualistic association . Vegetatio 7, 297-316.

Graham, R.W. and Grimm, E.C. 1990: Effects of global climate change on the patterns of terrestrial biological communities. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 5, 289-92.

Greig-Smith, P. 1986: Chaos or order - organization. In Kikkawa, J. and Anderson, D.J. , editors, Community ecology: pattern and process, Oxford: Blackwell Scientific.

Harper, J.L. 1967: A Darwinian approach to plant ecology. Journal of Ecology 55, 247-70.

— 1982: After description. In Newman, E.I. , editor, The plant community as a working mechanism , Oxford: Blackwell Scientific .

Huntley, B. and Birks, H.J.B. 1983: An atlas of past and present pollen maps for Europe: 0-13 000 years ago. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Jongman, R.H.G. , ter Braak, C.J.F. and van Tongeren, O.F.R. , editors, 1995: Data analysis in community and landscape ecology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Langford, A.N. and Buell, M.F. 1969: Integration, identity and stability in the plant association . Advances in Ecological Research 6, 84-135.

Matthews, J.A. 1992: The ecology of recently-deglaciated terrain: a geoecological approach to glacier forelands and primary succession. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

McIntosh, R.P. 1958: Plant communities. Science 128, 115-20.

— 1967: The continuum concept of vegetation. Botanical Review 33, 99-187.

— 1975: H.A. Gleason - 'individualistic ecologist' 1882-1975: his contribution to ecological theory. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 102, 253-73.

— 1993: The continuum continued: John T. Curtis' influence on ecology. In Fralish, J.S., McIntosh, R.P. and Loucks, O.L., editors, John T. Curtis: fifty years of Wisconsin plant ecology, Madison, WI: Wisconsin Academy of Science, Arts and Letters .

— 1995: H.A. Gleason's 'individualistic concept' and theory of animal communities: a continuing controversy. Biological Reviews 70, 317-57.

Mirkin, B.M. 1987: Paradigm change and vegetation classification in Soviet phytocoenology. Vegetatio 68, 131-38.

Moravec, J. 1989: Influences of the individualistic concept of vegetation on syntaxonomy. Vegetatio 81, 29-39.

Mueller-Dombois, D. and Ellenberg, H. 1974: Aims and methods of vegetation ecology. New York: Wiley.

Pears, N.V. 1968: Some recent trends in classification and description of vegetation. Geografiska Annaler 50(A), 162-72.

Pickett, S.T.A. and White, P.S. 1985: The ecology of natural disturbance and patch dynamics . London: Academic Press.

Ponyatovskaya, V.M. 1961: On two trends in phytocoenology. Vegetatio 10, 373-85 (translated from the Russian by J. Major).

Poore, M.E.D. 1964: Integration in the plant community. Journal of Ecology 52, 213-26.

Raup, H.M. 1957: Vegetation adjustment to the instability of the site. In Proceedings and papers of the 6th technical meeting of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources , Edinburgh, June 1956.

Richardson, J.L. 1980: The organismic community: resilience of an embattled ecological concept. Bioscience 30, 465-71.

Ritchie, J.C. 1986: Climate change and vegetation response. Vegetatio 67, 65-74.

Roberts, D.W. 1987: A dynamical systems perspective on vegetation theory . Vegetatio 69, 27-33.

Shimwell, D.W. 1971: The description and classification of vegetation . London: Sidgwick & Jackson .

Shipley, W. and Keddy, P.A. 1987: The individualistic and community-unit concepts as falsifiable hypotheses. Vegetatio 69, 47-55.

Sobolev, L.N. and Utekhin, V.D. 1973: Russian (Ramensky) approaches to community systematization . In Whittaker, R.H. , editor, Ordination and classification of communities, Oxford: Junk.

Tansley, A.G. 1920: The classification of vegetation and the concept of development . Journal of Ecology 8, 118-49.

ter Braak, C.J.F. and Prentice, I.C. 1988: A theory of gradient analysis. Advances in Ecological Research 18,271-317.

Vogl, R.J. 1966: Vegetational continuum. Science 152, 546 (comment on Daubenmire, 1966).

Walter, G.H. and Paterson, H.E.H. 1994: The implications of palaeontological evidence for theories of ecological communities and species richness. Australian Journal of Ecology 19, 241-50.

Watt, A.S. 1964: The community and the individual. Journal of Ecology 52, 203-11.

Webb, T. 1981: The past 11,000 years of vegetation change in eastern North America. Bioscience 31, 501-506.

West, R.G. 1961: Interglacial and interstadial vegetation in England . Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 172, 81-89.

— 1964: Inter-relations of ecology and Quaternary paleobotany . Journal of Ecology 52, 47-57.

White, J. 1985: The population structure of vegetation. In White, J. , editor, The population structure of vegetation, The Hague: Junk.

White, P.S. 1979: Pattern, process and natural disturbance in vegetation . Botanical Review 45, 229-99.

Whittaker, R.H. 1951: A criticism of the plant association and climatic climax concepts. Northwest Science 25, 7-31.

— 1953: A consideration of climax theory: the climax as a population and pattern. Ecological Monographs 23,41-78.

— 1958: Vegetation of the Great Smoky Mountains. Ecological Monographs 26, 1-80.

— 1962: Classification of natural communities. Botanical Review 28, 1-239.

— 1967: Gradient analysis of vegetation. Biological Reviews 49, 207-64.

— editor, 1973: Ordination and classification of communities The Hague: Junk.

— 1975: Communities and ecosystems New York : Macmillan.

Whittaker, R.H. and Woodwell, G.M. 1972: Evolution of natural communities. In Wiens, J.A. , editor, Ecosystem structure and function, Corvallis, OR: Oregan State University Press.

Whittaker, R.J. 1995: Disturbed island ecology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 10, 389-430.

Wright, H.E.W. jr 1984: Sensitivity and response time of natural systems to climatic change in the late Quaternary. Quaternary Science Reviews 3, 91-131.

Yarranton, G.A. 1967: Organismal and individualistic concepts and the choice of methods in vegetation analysis. Vegetatio 15, 113-16.