Biodiversity - measurement

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Adams, J.M. and Woodward, F.I. 1989: Patterns in tree species richness as a test of the glacial extinction hypothesis. Nature 339, 699-701.

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Bunge, J. and Fitzpatrick, M. 1993: Estimating the number of species: a review. Journal of the American Statistical Association 88, 364-73.

Coddington, J.A. , Griswold, C.E. , Dávila, D.S. , Peñaranda, E. and Larcher, S.F. 1991: Designing and testing sampling protocols to estimate biodiversity in tropical ecosystems. In Dudley, E.C. , editor, The Unity of evolutionary biology: proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of Systematic and Evolutionary Biology (2 vols). Portland, Oregon : Dioscorides Press, 44-60.

Cranston, P. and Hillman, T. 1992: Rapid assessment of biodiversity using 'biological diversity technicans'. Australian Biologist 5, 144-54.

Cronk, Q. 1988: Biodiversity: the key role of plants. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN and WWF.

Crozier, R.H. 1992: Genetic diversity and the agony of choice. Biological Conservation 61, 11-15.

Currie, D.J. 1991: Energy and large-scale patterns of animal- and plant-species richness. American Naturalist 137, 27-49.

Currie, D.J. and Paquin, V. 1987: Large-scale bio-geographical patterns of species richness of trees. Nature 329, 326-27.

di Castri, F. and Younes, T. 1990: Ecosystem function of biological diversity. Biology International (special issue 22). Paris: IUBS.

Dixon, A.F.G. , Kindlmann, P. , Leps, J. and Holman, J. 1987: Why there are so few species of aphids, especially in the tropics. American Naturalist 129, 580-92.

Eggleton, P. and Gaston, K.J. 1990: 'Parasitoid' species and assemblages: convenient definitions or misleading compromises? Oikos 59, 417-21.

Faith, D.P. 1992a: Conservation evaluation and phylogenetic diversity . Biological Conservation 61, 1-10.

— 1992b: Systematics and conservation: on predicting the feature diversity of subsets of taxa. Cladistics 8,361-73.

— 1993: Biodiversity and systematics: the use and misuse of divergence information in assessing taxonomic diversity. Pacific Conservation Biology 1, 53-57.

Faith, D.P. and Cawsey, M. 1990: PHYLOREP, software for phylogenetic representativeness . Lyneham: Privately distributed.

Faith, D.P. and Walker, P.A. 1993: Diversity: reference and user's guide. Canberra: CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Ecology.

Gaston, K.J. 1991: The global magnitude of insect species richness . Conservation Biology 5, 283-96.

— 1992: Regional numbers of insect and plant species. Functional Ecology 6, 243-47.

Gaston, K.J. and Williams, P.H. 1993: Mapping the world's species - the higher taxon approach . Biodiversity Letters, 1, 2-8.

Gentry, A.H. 1992: Tropical forest biodiversity: distribution patterns and their conservational significance. Oikos 63, 19-28.

Grassle, J.F. and Maciolek, N.J. 1992: Deep-sea species richness: regional and local diversity estimates from quantitative bottom samples. American Naturalist 139, 313-41.

Grinnell, J. 1922: The role of the 'accidental'. The Auk 39, 373-80.

Groombridge, B. , editor, 1992: Global biodiversity: status of the Earth's living resources. London: Chapman & Hall.

Hammond, P.M. 1992: Species inventory. In Groombridge, B. , editor, Global biodiversity: status of the Earth's living resources. London: Chapman & Hall, 17-39.

Hawkins, C.P. and MacMahon, J.A. 1989: Guilds: the multiple meanings of a concept. Annual Review of Entomology 34, 423-51.

Hawksworth, D.L. 1991: The fungal dimension of biodiversity: magnitude, significance, and conservation. Mycological Research 95, 641-55.

Hill, M.O. 1991: Patterns of species distribution in Britain elucidated by canonical correspondence analysis. Journal of Biogeography 18, 247-55.

Hodkinson, I.D. and Casson, D. 1991: A lesser predilection for bugs: Hemiptera (Insecta) diversity in tropical rain forests. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 43, 101-109.

Jaksic, F.M. 1981: Abuse and misuse of the term 'guild' in ecological studies . Oikos 37, 397-400.

Johnson, S.P. 1993: The Earth summit: the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED). London : Graham & Trotman.

Korner, C. 1993: Scaling from species to vegetation: the usefulness of functional groups. in Schulze, E.D. and Mooney, H.A. , editors, Biodiversity and ecosystem function. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 117-40.

Kremen, C. 1992a: Butterflies as ecological and biodiversity indicators . Wings 16, 14-17.

— 1992b: Assessing the indicator properties of species assemblages for natural areas monitoring. Ecological Applications 2, 203-17.

LaSalle, J. and Gauld, I.D. , editors, 1993: Hymenoptera and biodiversity . Wallingford: CAB International .

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Margules, C.R. and Stein, J.L. 1989: Patterns in the distribution of species and the selection of nature reserves: an example from eucalyptus forests in south-eastern New South Wales. Biological Conservation 50, 219-38.

May, R.M. 1988: How many species are there on earth? Science 241, 1441-49.

— 1989: How many species? In Friday, L. and Laskey, R. , editors, The fragile environment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 61-81.

— 1990a: How many species? Philosphical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B330, 293-304.

— 1990b: Taxonomy as destiny. Nature 347, 129-30.

— 1992a: Past efforts and future prospects towards understanding how many species there are. In Solbrig, O.T. , van Emden, H.M. and van Oordt, P.G.W.J. , editors, Biodiversity and global Change. Paris: IUBS Monograph 8, 71-81.

— 1992b: How many species inhabit the earth? Scientific American October, 18-24.

— 1992c: Bottoms up for the oceans. Nature 357, 278-79.

— 1993: Marine species richness. Nature 361, 598.

McNeely, J.A. , Miller, K.R. , Reid, W.V. , Mittermeier, R.A. and Werner, T.B. 1990: Conserving the world's biodiversity. Washington, DC: IUCN, WRI, CI, WWF and World Bank.

Meyer, O. 1993: Functional groups of microorganisms. In Schulze, E.-D. and Mooney, H.A. , editors, Biodiversity and ecosystem function. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 67-96.

Mikkelson, G.M. 1993: How do food webs fall apart? A study of changes in trophic structure during relaxation on habitat fragments. Oikos 67, 539-47.

Mingoti, S.A. and Meeden, G. 1992: Estimating the total number of distinct species using presence and absence data. Biometrics 48, 863-75.

Myers, N. 1990: The biodiversity challenge: expanded 'hot spots' analysis . The Environmentalist 10, 243-56.

Myklestad, Å. and Birks, H.J.B. 1993: A numerical analysis of the distribution patterns of Salix L. species in Europe. Journal of Biogeography 20, 1-32.

Nicholls, A.O. 1989: How to make biological surveys go further with generalized linear models. Biological Conservation 50, 51-75.

Nixon, K.C. and Wheeler, Q.D. 1992: Measures of phylogenetic diversity. In Novacek, M.J. and Wheeler, Q.D. , editors, Extinction and phylogeny. New York: Columbia University Press, 216-34.

Norton, B.G. , editor, 1986: The preservation of species. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Noss, R.F. 1990: Indicators for monitoring biodiversity: a hierarchical approach. Conservation Biology 4, 355-64.

Oberwinkler, F. 1993: Evolution of functional groups in basidiomycetes (Fungi) . In Schulze, E.-D. and Mooney, H.A. , editors, Biodiversity and ecosystem function. Berlin: Springer-Verlag , 143-63.

Osborne, P.E. and and Tigar, B.J. 1992: Interpreting bird atlas data using logistic models: an example from Lesotho, southern Africa. Journal of Applied Ecology 29, 55-62.

OTA (US Congress Office of Technology Assessment) 1987: Technologies to maintain Biological diversity. Washington, DC.: US Government Printing Office.

Otte, D. and Endler, J.A. , editors, 1989: Speciation and its consequences . Sunderland, Massachussetts: Sinauer .

Owen, J.G. 1988: On productivity as a predictor of rodent and carnivore diversity. Ecology 69, 1161-65.

— 1989: Patterns on herpetofaunal species richness: relation to temperature, precipitation, and variance in elevation. Journal of Biogeography 16, 141-50.

Palmer, M.W. 1990: The estimation of species richness by extrapolation . Ecology 71, 1195-98.

— 1991: Estimating species richness: the second-order jackknife reconsidered. Ecology 72, 1512-13.

Pearson, D.L. and Cassola, F. 1992: World-wide species richness patterns of tiger beetles (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae): indicator taxon for biodiversity and conservation studies. Conservation Biology 6, 376-91.

Pimm, S.L. , Lawton, J.H. and Cohen, J.E. 1991: Food web patterns and their consequences. Nature 350,669-74.

Poore, G.C.B. and Wilson, G.D.F. 1993: Marine species richness. Nature 361, 597-98.

Pressey, R.L. , Humphries, C.J. , Margules, C.R. , Vane-Wright, R.I. and Williams, P.H. 1993: Beyond opportunism: key principles for systematic reserve selection. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 8, 124-28.

Price, M.V. and Endo, P.R. 1989: Estimating the distribution and abundance of a cryptic species, Dipodomys stephensi (Rodentia: Heteromyidae), and implications for management. Conservation Biology 3, 293-301.

Reid, W.V. and Miller, K.R. 1989: Keeping options alive: the scientific basis for conserving biodiversity. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.

Rojas, M. 1992: The species problem and conservation: what are we protecting? Conservation Biology 6, 170-78.

Ryti, R.T. 1992: Effect of the focal taxon on the selection of nature reserves . Ecological Applications 2, 404-10.

Saetersdal, M. , Line, J.M. and Birks, H.J.B. 1993: How to maximize biological diversity in nature reserve selection: vascular plants and breeding birds in deciduous woodlands, western Norway. Biological Conservation 66, 131-38.

Sandlund, O.T. , Hindar, K. and Brown, A.H.D. , editors, 1992: Conservation of biodiversity for sustainable development . Oslo: Scandinavian University Press.

Schulze, E.-D. and Mooney, H.A. , editors, 1993: Biodiversity and ecosystem function. Berlin: Springer-Verlag .

Sepkoski, J.J. jr. 1991: Diversity in the Phanerozoic oceans: a partisan review. In Dudley, E.C. , editor, The unity of evolutionary biology: proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of Systematic and Evolutionary Biology (2 vols). Portland, Oregon: Dioscorides Press, 210-36.

— 1992: Phylogenetic and ecologic patterns in the Phanerozoic history of marine biodiversity. In Eldredge, N. , editor, Systematics, ecology, and the biodiversity crisis . New York: Columbia University Press, 77-100.

Sheder, S.G. 1991: Biological diversity: are we asking the right questions ? In Dudley, E.C. , editor, The unity of evolutionary biology: proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of Systematic and Evolutionary Biology (2 vols). Portland, Oregon: Dioscorides Press, 37-43.

Solbrig, O.T. 1991: From genes to ecosystems: a research agenda for biodiversity . Paris: International Union of Biological Sciences.

— 1992: The IUBS-SCOPE-UNESCO program of research in biodiversity . Ecological Applications 2, 131-38.

— 1993: Plant traits and adaptive strategies: their role in ecosystem function. In Schulze, E.-D. and Mooney, H.A. , editors, Biodiversity and ecosystem function. Berlin: Springer-Verlag , 97-116.

Solow, A. , Polasky, S. and Broadus, J. 1993: On the measurement of biological diversity. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 24, 60-68.

Stiassny, M.L.J. 1992: Phylogenetic analysis and the role of systematics in the biodiversity crisis. In Eldredge, N. , editor, Systematics, ecology, and the biodiversity crisis . New York: Columbia University Press, 109-20.

Sugihara, G. , Schoenly, K. and Trombla, A. 1989: Scale invariance in food web properties. Science 245, 48-52.

Thomas, C.D. 1990: Fewer species. Nature 347, 237. Turner, J.R.G. , Gatehouse, C.M. and Corey, C.A. 1987: Does solar energy control organic diversity? Butterflies, moths and the British climate. Oikos 48, 195-205.

Turner, J.R.G. , Lennon, J.J. and Lawrenson, J.A. 1988: British bird species distributions and the energy theory . Nature 335, 539-41.

Usher, M.B. 1992: Management and diversity of arthropoda in Calluna heathland . Biodiversity and Conservation 1, 63-79.

Vane-Wright, R.I. , Humphries, C.J. and Williams, P.H. 1991: What to protect? Systematics and the agony of choice . Biological Conservation 55, 235-54.

Walker, B.H. 1992: Biodiversity and ecological redundancy. Conservation Biology 6, 18-23.

Walker, P.A. and Faith, D.P. 1993: Diversity: a software package for sampling phylogenetic and environmental diversity. Canberra: CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Ecology.

Warren, P.H. and Gaston, K.J. 1992: Predator-prey ratios: a special case of a general pattern? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B338, 113-30.

Weitzman, M.L. 1992: On diversity. Quarterly Journal of Economics 107, 363-406.

— 1993: What to preserve? An application of diversity theory to crane conservation. Quarterly Journal of Economics 108, 157-83.

Williams, P.H. 1992: WORLDMAP priority areas for biodiversity. Using version 3. London: privately distributed.

— 1993: Choosing conservation areas: using taxonomy to measure more of biodiversity. In Moon, T.-Y. , editor, Manus. Col. ISBC KEI. Seoul : Korean Entomological Institute, 194-227.

Williams, P.H. and Gaston, K.J. 1994: Measuring more of biodiversity: can higher-taxon richness predict wholesale species richness? Biological Conservation , 67, 211-17.

Williams, P.H. and Humphries, C.J. 1994: Biodiversity, taxonomic relatedness and endemism in conservation . In Forey, P.L. , Humphries, C.J. and Vane-Wright, R.I. , editors, Systematics and Conservation evaluation (Systematics Association special volume). Oxford : Oxford University Press, in press.

Williams, P.H. , Humphries, C.J. and VaneWright, R.I. 1991: Measuring biodiversity: taxonomic relatedness for conservation priorities. Australian Systematic Botany 4, 665-79.

Williams, P.H. , Vane-Wright, R.I. and Humphries, C.J. 1993: Measuring biodiversity for choosing conservation areas . In LaSalle, J. and Gauld, I.D. , editors, Hymenoptera and biodiversity . Wallingford, CAB International , 309-28.

Willig, M.R. and Selcer, K.W. 1989: Bat species density gradients in the new world: a statistical assessment. Journal of Biogeography 16, 189-95.

Wilson, E.O. , editor, 1988: Biodiversity. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

— 1992: The diversity of life. Harmondsworth : Penguin books.

Woodward, F.I. 1987: Climate and plant distribution. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.

World Resources Institute (WRI). The World Conservation Union (IUCN) and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) 1992: Global biodiversity strategy: guidelines for action to save, study, and use the Earth's biotic wealth sustain-ably and equitably. Washington, DC: WRI, IUCN and UNEP.